Abstract
Mutations that affect the dynein motor machinery are sufficient to cause motor neuron disease. It is not known why there are aggregates or inclusions in affected tissues in mice with such mutations and in most forms of human motor neuron disease. Here we identify a new mechanism of inclusion formation by showing that decreased dynein function impairs autophagic clearance of aggregate-prone proteins. We show that mutations of the dynein machinery enhanced the toxicity of the mutation that causes Huntington disease in fly and mouse models. Furthermore, loss of dynein function resulted in premature aggregate formation by mutant huntingtin and increased levels of the autophagosome marker LC3-II in both cell culture and mouse models, compatible with impaired autophagosome-lysosome fusion.
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Acknowledgements
We thank G. Jackson for the fly model of Huntington disease; L. Goldstein for fly motor protein mutants; T. Inoue for DN-KHC; T. Schroer for CC1, CC2 and p50; J. Neefjies for Δ-MK; T. Yoshimori for GFP-LC3 and antibody to LC3; J.P. Luzio for antibody to lgp120; N. Dantuma for HeLa cells stably expressing GFP-UbG76V; J. Newitt, M. Fray, A. Ford and A. Blake for technical assistance; and J. Peters for Loa mice. D.C.R. and S.D.M.B. are grateful for an MRC Programme Grant; MRC Brain Sciences award (D.C.R. and C.J.O.); EU Framework VI (D.C.R.); a Prize Studentship (Z.B.); and The ORS award (Z.B.). D.C.R. is a Wellcome Trust Senior Clinical Fellow, and C.J.O. is a BBSRC Research Development Fellow.
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Supplementary information
Supplementary Fig. 1
Dynein inhibition does not affect the clearance of wild-type α-synuclein. (PDF 33 kb)
Supplementary Fig. 2
Polyglutamine-induced degeneration of adult photoreceptors is enhanced by mutations altering kinesin function. (PDF 10 kb)
Supplementary Fig. 3
Inhibition of dynein decreases the proportion of cells with vimentin-encaged aggresomes. (PDF 9 kb)
Supplementary Fig. 4
p50 overexpression results in a change in morphology of Q74 aggregates. (PDF 62 kb)
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Ravikumar, B., Acevedo-Arozena, A., Imarisio, S. et al. Dynein mutations impair autophagic clearance of aggregate-prone proteins. Nat Genet 37, 771–776 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1591
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1591
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