Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Article
  • Published:

The design and field implementation of the Detroit Exposure and Aerosol Research Study

Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology volume 19, pages 643–659 (2009)Cite this article

Abstract

The US Environmental Protection Agency recently conducted the Detroit Exposure and Aerosol Research Study (DEARS). The study began in 2004 and involved community, residential, and personal-based measurements of air pollutants targeting 120 participants and their residences. The primary goal of the study was to evaluate and describe the relationship between air toxics, particulate matter (PM), PM constituents, and PM from specific sources measured at a central site monitor with those from the residential and personal locations. The impact of regional, local (point and mobile), and personal sources on pollutant concentrations and the role of physical and human factors that might influence these concentrations were investigated. A combination of active and passive sampling methodologies were employed in the collection of PM mass, criteria gases, semivolatile organics, and volatile organic compound air pollutants among others. Monitoring was conducted in six selected neighborhoods along with one community site using a repeated measure design. Households from each of the selected communities were monitored for 5 consecutive days in the winter and again in the summer. Household, participant and a variety of other surveys were utilized to better understand human and household factors that might affect the impact of ambient-based pollution sources upon personal and residential locations. A randomized recruitment strategy was successful in enrolling nearly 140 participants over the course of the study. Over 36,000 daily-based environmental data points or records were ultimately collected. This paper fully describes the design of the DEARS and the approach used to implement this field monitoring study and reports select preliminary findings.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on Springer Link
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Figure 1
Figure 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Birch M., and Cary R. Elemental carbon-based method for monitoring occupational exposures to particulate diesel exhaust. Aerosol Sci Technol 1996: 25: 221–241.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boudet C., Zmirou D., and Poizeau D. Can one use ambient air concentration data to estimate personal and population exposures to particles? An approach with the EXPOLIS study. Sci Total Environ 2001: 267: 141–150.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Census. 2000. US Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC 20410. Available at: www.census.gov.

  • Chow J., Wilson W., Engelbrecht J., Freeman N., Hashim J., Jantunen M., Michaud J., deTejada S., Watson J., Wei F., Yasuno M., and Zhu T. Exposure measurements. Chemosphere 2001: 49: 873–901.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DATPS. 2004 Data analyses for Detroit, Michigan, Air Toxics Data Collections in 2001. Sonoma Technology final report STI-903553-2557-FR. (www.ladco.org/toxics/reports/white%20paper%20phase%203/Detroit.pdf).

  • Demokritou P., Kavouras I., Ferguson S., and Koutrakis P. Development and laboratory performance evaluation of a personal multipollutant sampler for simultaneous measurements of particulate and gaseous pollutants. Aerosol Sci Technol 2001: 35: 741–752.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dietz R., and Cote E. Air infiltration measurements in a home using a convenient perfluorocarbon tracer technique. Environ Int 1982: 8: 419–433.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dietz R., Goodrich R., Cote E., and Wieser R. Detailed description and performance of a passive perfluorocarbon tracer system for building ventilation and air exchange measurements, measured air leakage of buildings. In: Trechsel H.R., and Lagus P.L. (Eds.). ASTM STP 904. American Society for Testing and Materials: Philadelphia, PA, 1986 pp. 203–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duvall R., Norris G., Dailey L., Burke J., McGee J., Gilmour I., Gordon T., and Devlin R. Source apportionment of particulate matter in the US and associations with lung inflammatory markers. Inhal Toxicol 2008: 20 (7): 671–683.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dzubay T., Stevens R., Gordon G., Olmez I., Sheffield A., and Courtney W. A composite receptor method applied to Philadelphia aerosol. Environ Sci Technol 1988: 22: 46–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards R., Jurvelin J., Koistinen K., Saarela K., and Jantunen M. VOC source identification from personal and residential indoor, outdoor, and workplace microenvironments in EXPOLIS-Helsinki, Finland. Atmos Environ 2001: 35: 4829–4841.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans G., Highsmith R., Sheldon L., Suggs J., Williams R., Zweidinger R., Creason J., Walsh D., Rodes C., and Lawless P. The 1999 Fresno particulate matter exposure studies: comparison of community, outdoor, and residential PM mass measurements. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2000: 50: 1887–1896.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Georgopoulos P., Wang S., Vyas V., Sun Q., Burke J., Vedantham R., McCurdy T., and Ozkaynak H. A source to dose assessment of population exposures to fine PM and ozone in Philadelphia PA during a summer 1999 episode. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2005: 15: 439–457.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hammond D., Dvonch J., Keeler G., Parker E., Kamal A., Barres J., Yip F., and Brakefield-Caldwell W. Sources of ambient fine particulate matter at two community sites in Detroit, Michigan. Atmos Environ 2008: 42: 720–732.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Helm D., Jantunen M., and Rotko T. Reporting personal results to participants of exposure studies. Sci Total Environ 2000: 262: 191–195.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hopke P., Ramadan Z., Paatero P., Norris G., Landis M., Williams R., and Lewis C. Analysis of particle compositions measured in the EPA 1998 Baltimore Exposure Panel Study. Environ Sci Technol 2003: 37: 3289–3302.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jurvelin J., Vartiainen M., Jantunen M., and Pasanen P. Personal exposure levels and microenvironmental concentrations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2000: 51: 17–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jurvelin J., Edwards R., Saarela K., Laine-Ylijoki J., De Bortoli M., Oglesby L., Schlapher K., Georgoulis L., Tischerova E., Hanninen O., and Jantunen M. Evaluation of VOC measurements in the EXPOLIS study. J Environ Monit 2001: 3: 159–165.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keeler G., Morishita M., and Young L. Characterization of complex mixtures in urban atmospheres for inhalation exposure studies. Exp Toxicol Pathol 2005: 57: 19–29.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koistinen K., Kousa A., Tenhola V., Hanninen O., Jantunen M., Oglesby L., Kunzli N., and Georgoulis L. Fine particle (PM2.5) measurement methodology, quality assurance procedures, and pilot results of the EXPOLIS study. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 1999: 49: 1212–1220.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kousa A., Oglesby L., Koistinen K., Künzli N., and Jantunen M. Exposure chain of urban air PM2.5 — associations between ambient fixed site, residential outdoor, indoor, workplace, and personal exposures in four European cities in the EXPOLIS-study. Atmos Environ 2002: 36: 3031–3039.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwon J., Weisel C., Turpin B., Zhang J., Korn L., Morandi M., Stock T., and Colome S. Source proximity and outdoor-residential VOC concentrations: results from the RIOPA study. Environ Sci Technol 2006: 40: 4074–4082.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Landis M., Norris G., Williams R., and Weinstein J. Personal exposures to PM2.5 mass and trace elements in Baltimore, Maryland. Atmos Environ 2001: 35: 6511–6524.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawless P., and Rodes C. Maximizing data quality in the gravimetric analysis of personal exposure sample filters. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 1999: 49: 1039–1049.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawless P., Rodes C., and Ensor D. Multiwavelength absorbance of filter deposits for determination of environmental tobacco smoke and black carbon. Atmos Environ 2004: 38: 3373–3383.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li M., McDow S., Tollerud D., and Mazurek M. Seasonal abundance of organic molecular markers in urban particulate matter from Philadelphia PA. Atmos Environ 2005: 40: 2260–2273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu S., Box M., Kalman D., Kaufman J., Koenig J., Larson T., Lumley T., Sheppard L., and Wallace L. Exposure assessment of particulate matter for susceptible populations in Seattle. Environ Health Perspect 2003: 111: 909–918.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McBride S., Williams R., and Creason J. Bayesian hierarchical modeling of personal exposure to particulate matter. Atmos Environ 2007: 41: 6143–6155.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McClenny W., Oliver K., Jacumin H., Daughtrey H., and Whitaker D. 24 h diffusive sampling of toxic VOCs in air onto Carbopack X solid adsorbent followed by thermal desorption/GC/MS analysis — laboratory studies. J Environ Monit 2005: 7: 248–256.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McDow S., Mazurek M., Li M., Alter L., Graham J., Felton H., McKenna T., Pietarinen C., Leston A., Bailey S., and Argao S. Speciation and atmospheric abundance of organic compounds in PM2.5 from the New York City Area. I. Sampling Network, sampler evaluation, molecular level blank evaluation. Aerosol Sci Technol 2008: 42: 50–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meng Q., Turpin B., Korn L., Weisel C., Morandi M., Colome S., Zhang J., Stock T., Spektor D., Winer A., Zhang L., Lee J., Giovanetti R., Cui W., Kwon J., Alimokhtari S., Shendell D., Jones J., Farrar C., and Maberti S. Influence of ambient (outdoor) sources on residential indoor and personal PM2.5 concentrations: analysis of RIOPA data. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2005: 15: 17–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meng Q., Turpin B., Lee J., Polidori A., Weisel C., Morandi M., Colome S., Zhang J., Stock T., and Winer A. How does infiltration behavior modify the composition of ambient PM2.5 in indoor spaces? An analysis of RIOPA data. Environ Sci Technol 2007: 41: 7315–7321.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mukerjee S., Smith L., Norris G., Morandi M., Gonzales M., Noble C., Neas L., and Ozkaynak H. Field method comparison between passive air samplers and continuous monitors for VOCs and NO2 in El Paso, Texas. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2004: 54: 307–319.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council-National Academy of Science. 1998. Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter I: immediate Priorities and a Long-Range Research Portfolio. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

  • Naumova Y., Offenberg J., Eisenreich S., Meng Q., Polidori A., Turpin B., Weisel C., Morandi M., Colome S., and Stock T. Gas/particle distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coupled outdoor/indoor atmospheres. Atmos Environ 2003: 37: 703–719.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NEI. 2002 2002 National Emissions Inventories for the US Technology transfer network clearinghouse for inventories and emissions factors. (www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net).

  • Nerriere E., Zmirou-Navier D., Blanchard O., Momas I., Ladner J., Moullec Y., Personnaz M.-B., Lameloise P., Delmas V., Target A., and Desqueyroux H. Can we use fixed ambient air monitors to estimate population long-term exposure to air pollutants? The case of spatial variability in the Genotox ER study. Environ Res 2005: 97: 32–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nerriere E., Guegan H., Bordigoni B., Hautemaniere A., Momas I., Ladner J., Target A., Lameloise P., Delmas V., Personnaz M.-B., Koutrakis P., and Zmirou-Navier D. Spatial heterogeneity of personal exposure to airborne metals in French urban areas. Sci Total Environ 2006: 373: 49–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olson D., and Norris G. Sampling artifacts in measurement of elemental and organic carbon: low volume sampling in indoor and outdoor environments. Atmos Environ 2005: 39: 5437–5445.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olson D., Turlington J., Duvall R., McDow S., Stevens C., and Williams R. Indoor and outdoor concentrations of organic and inorganic molecular markers: source apportionment of PM2.5 using low volume samples. Atmos Environ 2008: 42: 1742–1751.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paatero P. The Multilinear Engine — a table-driven least squares program for solving multilinear problems, including the n-way parallel factor analysis model. J Comput Graphical Stat 1999: 8: 854–888.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray J., and McDow S. Dicarboxylic acid concentration trends and sampling artifacts. Atmos Environ 2005: 39: 7906–7919.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rea A.W., Zufall M.J., Williams R.W., Howard-Reed C., and Sheldon L. The influence of human activity patterns on personal PM exposure: a comparative analysis of filter-based and continuous particle measurements. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2001: 51: 1271–1279.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reff A., Turpin B., Porcja R., Giovennetti R., Cui W., Weisel C., Zhang J., Kwon J., Alimokhtari S., Morandi M., Stock T., Maberti S., Colome S., Winer A., Shendell D., Jones J., and Farrar C. Functional group characterization of indoor, outdoor and personal PM2.5: results from RIOPA. Indoor Air 2004: 15: 53–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riediker M., Devlin R., Griggs T., Herbst M., Bromberg P., Williams R., and Cascio W. Cardiovascular effects in patrol officers are associated with fine particulate matter from brake wear and engine emissions. Particle Fibre Toxicol 2004: 1: 2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodes C., Lawless P., Evans G., Sheldon L., Williams R., and Vette A. The relationships between personal PM exposures for elderly populations and indoor and outdoor concentrations for three retirement center scenarios. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2001: 11: 103–115.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rogge W., Mazurek M., Hildemann L., Cass G., and Simoneit B. Quantification of urban organic aerosols at a molecular level: identification, abundance and seasonal variation. Atmos Environ 1993: 27: 1309–1330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rotko T., Kousa A., Alm S., and Jantunen M. Exposures to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in EXPOLIS-Helsinki: microenvironment, behavioral and sociodemographic factors. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2001: 11: 216–223.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schauer J., and Cass G. Source apportionment of wintertime gas-phase and particle-phase air pollutants using organic compounds as tracers. Environ Sci Technol 2000: 34: 1821–1832.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schauer J., Rogge W., Hildemann L., Mazurik M., and Cass G. Source apportionment of airborne particulate matter using organic compounds as tracers. Atmos Environ 1996: 30: 3837–3855.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sihabut T., Ray J., Northcross A., and McDow S. Sampling artifact estimates for alkanes, hopanes, and aliphatic carboxylic acids. Atmos Environ 2005: 39: 6945–6956.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thornburg J., Rodes C., Lawless P., and Williams R. Evaluation of a new coarse particulate matter personal sampler and comparison with measured indoor and outdoor concentrations in Detroit. Exploring Innovative Approaches in Exposure Assessment 2007 Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference of the International Society of Exposure Analysis, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, October 14–18, 2007, pp. 16.

  • Turpin B., Hering S., and Huntzicker J. Investigation of organic aerosol sampling artifacts in the Los Angeles Basin. Atmos Environ 1994: 28: 3061–3071.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • US EPA. Particulate Matter Research Program: Five Years of Progress 2004 EPA/600/R-04/058. Washington, DC.

  • Varns J., Mulik J., Sather M., Glen G., Smith L., and Stallings C. Passive ozone network of Dallas: a modeling opportunity with community involvement. Environ Sci Technol 2001: 35: 845–855.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vette A.F., Rea A.W., Lawless P.A., Rodes C.E., Evans G., Highsmith V.R., and Sheldon L. Characterization of indoor–outdoor aerosol concentration during the Fresno PM exposure studies. Aerosol Sci Technol 2001: 34: 118–126.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace L.A., Pellizzari E., Hartwell T., Sparacino C., Sheldon L., and Zelon H. Personal exposures, indoor–outdoor relationships and breath levels of toxic air pollutants measured for 355 persons in New Jersey. Atmos Environ 1985: 19: 1651–1661.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace L., and Williams R. Use of personal–indoor–outdoor sulfur concentrations to estimate the infiltration factor, outdoor exposure factor, penetration coefficient, and deposition rate for individual homes. Environ Sci Technol 2005: 39: 1707–1714.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace L., Williams R., Suggs J., Sheldon L., Zweidinger R., Rea A., Vette A., Leovic K., Norris G., Landis M., Stevens C., Conner T., Rodes C., Lawless P., Thornburg J., Liu S., Ryan A., Kalman D., Kaufman J., Koenig J., Larson T., Lumley T., Sheppard L., Brown K., Sarnat J., Suh H., Wheeler A., Koutrakis P., Lippmann M., and Kendall M. Exposure of High Risk Sub-populations to Particles and Associated Co-pollutants-Final Report (APM21), 2003 ORD Report EPA/600/R-03-145. December 2003.

  • Wallace L., Williams R., Rea A., and Croghan C. Continuous week long measurements of personal exposures and indoor concentrations of fine particles for 37 health-impaired North Carolina residents for up to four seasons. Atmos Environ 2006a: 40: 399–414.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace L., Williams R., Suggs J., and Jones P. Estimating Contributions of Outdoor Fine Particles to Indoor Concentrations and Personal Exposures: Effects of Household Characteristics and Personal Activities, 2006b ORD Report (APM 214). EPA/600/R-06/023. NTIS# PB2006-11353, March 2006. Washington, DC.

  • Weisel C., Zhang J., and Turpin B. Relationships of Indoor, Outdoor and Personal Air (RIOPA). Part I, Collecting Methods and Descriptive Analyses, 2005 Health Effects Institute Report # 130-I. 2005, Boston, MA.

  • Williams R. EPA's Detroit Exposure and Aerosol Research Study. EPA Research Highlights AWMA Environmental Manager 2005 October 2005, pp. 43.

  • Williams R. The US EPA Detroit Exposure and Aerosol Research Study (DEARS), 2008 website. (www.epa.gov/dears).

  • Williams R., Watts R., Stevens R., Stone C., and Lewtas J. Evaluation of a personal air sampler for twenty-four hour collection of fine particles and semivolatile organics. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 1999: 2: 158–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams R., Creason J., Zweidinger R., Watts R., Sheldon L., and Shy C. Indoor, outdoor, and personal exposure monitoring of particulate air pollution: the Baltimore elderly-exposure pilot study. Atmos Environ 2000a: 34: 4193–4204.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams R., Suggs J., Zweidinger R., Evans G., Creason J., Kwok R., Rodes C., Lawless P., and Sheldon L. The 1998 Baltimore particulate matter epidemiology-exposure study: part 1-comparison of ambient, residential outdoor, indoor and apartment particulate matter monitoring. J. Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2000b: 10: 518–532.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams R., Suggs J., Creason J., Rodes C., Lawless P., Kwok R., Zweidinger R., and Sheldon L. The 1998 Baltimore particulate matter epidemiology-exposure study: part 2-personal exposure assessment associated with an elderly study population. J. Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2000c: 10: 533–543.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams R., Suggs J., Zweidinger R., Evans G., Creason J., Kwok R., Rodes C., Lawless P., and Sheldon L. Comparison of PM2.5 and PM10 monitors. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2000d: 10: 497–505.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams R., Wallace L., Suggs J., Evans G., Creason J., Highsmith R., Sheldon L., Rea A., Vette A., Zweidinger R., Leovic K., Norris G., Landis M., Stevens C., Howard-Reed C., Conner T., Rodes C., Lawless P., Thornburg J., Liu L.-J., Kalman D., Kaufman J., Koenig J., Larson T., Lumley T., Sheppard L., Brown K., Suh H., Wheeler A., Gold D., Koutrakis P., and Lippmann M. Preliminary Particulate Matter Mass Concentrations Associated With Longitudinal Panel Studies. 2002 ORD Report EPA/600/R-01/086 (February 2002).

  • Williams R., Suggs J., Rea A., Leovic K., Vette A., Croghan C., Sheldon L., Rodes, Thornburg J., Ejire A., Herbst M., and Sanders W. The Research Triangle Park particulate matter panel study: PM mass concentration relationships. Atmos Environ 2003a: 37: 5349–5363.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams R., Suggs J., Rea A., Sheldon L., Rodes C., and Thornburg J. The Research Triangle Park particulate matter panel study: modeling ambient source contribution to personal and residential PM mass concentrations. Atmos Environ 2003b: 37: 5365–5378.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J., Zhang L., Fan Z., and IIacqua V. Development of the personal aldehydes and ketones sampler based upon a solid sorbent. Environ Sci Technol 2000: 34: 2601–2607.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao W., Hopke P., Norris G., Williams R., and Paatero P. Source apportionment and analysis on ambient and personal exposure samples with a combined receptor model and an adaptive blank estimation strategy. Atmos Environ 2006: 40: 3788–3801.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The US Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of Research and Development funded and conducted the research described here under contract 68-D-00-012 (RTI International), EP-D-04-068 (Battelle Columbus Laboratory), 68-D-00-206 and EP-05-D-065 (Alion Science and Technology). It has been subjected to Agency review and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. We thank Janet Burke, Shaibal Mukerjee, Gary Norris, David Olson, William McClenny, Lucas Neas, Gina Andrews, Jack Suggs, BJ George, Margaret Sieffert, and George Bollweg (US EPA) for their assistance in the development of the study objectives and its primary statistical plan. Dennis Williams, Karen Oliver, Lydia Brouwer, Herb Jacumin, of Alion Science and Technology were responsible for preparation of sampling media. Randy Newsome, Andrew Dart, Jeff Portzer, Phil Lawless, and Jeremy Seagraves of RTI International were responsible for overseeing a majority of the field data collections. The US EPA acknowledges the kind assistance of Ann Chevalier, Dan Ling, Craig Fitzer, Catherine Simon, and MaryAnn Heindorf of the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. Jill Kearney and Rose Dugandzic (Health Canada) are thanked for their helpful review comments of the original study design. We also thank Kathy Edgren (CAAA) and Farid Shamo (ACCESS) who provided assistance in the recruiting of study participants. We are most thankful to the many DEARS participants who agreed to assist us with the collection of this important dataset.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA

    Ron Williams, Alan Vette, Carry Croghan, Donald Whitaker, Carvin Stevens, Steve Mcdow, Roy Fortmann & Linda Sheldon

  2. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA

    Anne Rea & Holly Wilson

  3. RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA

    Jonathan Thornburg, Michael Phillips, Phil Lawless & Charles Rodes

  4. Alion Science and Technology, Durham, North Carolina, USA

    Hunter Daughtrey

Authors
  1. Ron Williams
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anne Rea
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Alan Vette
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Carry Croghan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Donald Whitaker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Carvin Stevens
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Steve Mcdow
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Roy Fortmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Linda Sheldon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Holly Wilson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Jonathan Thornburg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Michael Phillips
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Phil Lawless
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Charles Rodes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Hunter Daughtrey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ron Williams.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Williams, R., Rea, A., Vette, A. et al. The design and field implementation of the Detroit Exposure and Aerosol Research Study. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 19, 643–659 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2008.61

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2008.61

Keywords

This article is cited by

Search

Advanced search

Quick links