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Indices of fatness and relationships with age, ethnicity and lipids in New Zealand European, Māori and Pacific children

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition volume 63, pages 627–633 (2009)Cite this article

Abstract

Background/Objectives:

To investigate the relationships between body mass index (BMI), body fatness, ethnicity, age and blood lipids.

Subjects/Method:

In a subsample (N=643) of the 2002 New Zealand Child Nutrition Survey (N=3275, age 5–14 years) consisting Māori (89 boys, 69 girls), Pacific (154 boys, 194 girls) and European (71 boys, 66 girls) ethnic groups, fat-free mass (FFM) was determined by bioimpedance analysis. FFM index (FFMI, FFM/height2), fat mass index (FMI, fat mass/height2) and percentage body fat (%BF) were derived. Plasma total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were measured in 515 (80%) of these children.

Results:

For the same BMI, %BF was lower in Pacific Island (P<0.0001) and Māori (P<0.0001) girls compared with European but for boys there were no ethnic differences. Cross-sectional analysis across ages using Hattori charts clearly showed sexual dimorphism with girls having a higher FMI, FFMI and BMI than boys by the age of 13 year. Both Pacific girls and boys showed upward trends in FFMI and FMI with age that were significantly higher than those of the other ethnicities. Adjusting for age, sex and ethnicity, %BF was a better predictor (R2=0.090, P=0.0002) of total cholesterol than BMI (R2=0.061, P=0.049) or waist (R2=0.075, P=0.013) while FFMI was the best predictor of HDL cholesterol (R2=0.15, P<0.0001) and waist was the best predictor of the total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio (R2=0.17, P<0.0001).

Conclusions:

Measurements of body fat and indices of body fatness additional to BMI in multiethnic paediatric populations allow changes in fat mass and FFM to be tracked and improve the ability to predict dyslipidaemia.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Lion Foundation for the provision of funds to purchase the bioimpedance meters. We also thank children and their families for their cooperation; the Child Nutrition Survey Kaitiaki group and the Pacific Island Food and Nutrition Action group for their support; the Ministry of Health and Uniservices for helping make the measurements possible within the framework of the Child Nutrition Survey and the Auckland University of Technology contestable grants for funding.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand

    E C Rush & G Juranovich

  2. School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

    R Scragg & D Schaaf

  3. Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

    L D Plank

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  1. E C Rush
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  2. R Scragg
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  3. D Schaaf
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  4. G Juranovich
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  5. L D Plank
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Correspondence to E C Rush.

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Rush, E., Scragg, R., Schaaf, D. et al. Indices of fatness and relationships with age, ethnicity and lipids in New Zealand European, Māori and Pacific children. Eur J Clin Nutr 63, 627–633 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2008.15

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