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In 2023, the China National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) approved a total of 191 new drug applications (NDAs), listed in Supplementary Table 1. This total includes chemical drugs in classes 1, 2 and 5.1, therapeutic biological products in classes 1, 2, 3.1 and 3.2, and traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) in classes 1, 2 and 3, as defined by the Provisions for Drug Registration 2020 (Supplementary Box 1), and excludes vaccines and diagnostic reagents.