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Heterogeneity in microbial exposure in schools in Sweden, Poland and Jordan revealed by analysis of chemical markers

Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology volume 14, pages 293–299 (2004)Cite this article

Abstract

We used gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry to analyze microbial components in 85 samples of airborne dust from schools in Jordan, Sweden, and Poland. To collect the samples, we allowed dust to settle on plexiglass plates hanging in the breathing zone in school buildings during both summer and winter. In each of the three countries, we conducted such sampling in two schools: one in an urban environment and the other in rural surroundings. The microbial marker profiles differed significantly between the schools and seasons. For example, samples from Jordan contained remarkably low levels of ergosterol (marker of fungal biomass) and high levels of 3-hydroxy acids (markers of lipopolysaccharide) of 10, 12, and 14 carbon chain lengths relative to such acids of 16 and 18 carbons in comparison with samples from Sweden and Poland. This dissimilarity in 3-hydroxy fatty acid distribution indicates significant differences in the populations of Gram-negative bacteria. We also noted that muramic acid (marker of bacterial biomass) exhibited the smallest variation between schools and seasons. In summary, our results demonstrate that exposure to microorganisms in indoor air in school buildings may differ markedly between countries, between seasons, and between urban and rural environments.

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Acknowledgements

The financial support from FORMAS (Sweden) is gratefully acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Microbiology, Dermatology and Infection, Lund University, Sölvegatan 23, Lund, 223 62, Sweden

    Loay Wady, Bogumila Szponar, Christina Pehrson & Lennart Larsson

  2. Department of Pathology-Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan

    Asem Shehabi

  3. Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland

    Bogumila Szponar

  4. Department of Tumor Immunology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

    Yezhou Sheng

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  1. Loay Wady
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  2. Asem Shehabi
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  6. Lennart Larsson
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Correspondence to Lennart Larsson.

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Wady, L., Shehabi, A., Szponar, B. et al. Heterogeneity in microbial exposure in schools in Sweden, Poland and Jordan revealed by analysis of chemical markers. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 14, 293–299 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500324

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500324

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