Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Original Manuscript
  • Published:

Adult T Cell Leukemia

Transcriptional regulation of parathyroid hormone-related protein promoter P3 by ETS-1 in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

Abstract

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) plays a primary role in the development of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy seen in the majority of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) patients with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infection. HTLV-1 Tax has been shown to complex with ETS-1 and SP1 to transactivate the PTHrP P3 promoter. Previously, we established a SCID/bg mouse model of human ATL with RV-ATL cells and showed that PTHrP expression was independent of Tax. In this study, we report an inverse correlation of PTHrP with tax/rex mRNA in multiple HTLV-1-positive cell lines and RV-ATL cells. Stimulation of Jurkat T cells with PMA/ionomycin upregulated the PTHrP P3 promoter by a previously characterized Ets binding site and also induced protein/DNA complex formation identical to that observed in RV-ATL cells. Further, we provide evidence that cotransfection with Ets-1 and constitutively active Mek-1 in HTLV-1-negative transformed T cells with stimulation by PMA/ionomycin not only resulted in a robust induction of PTHrP P3 but also formed a complex with ETS-1/P3 EBS similar to that in ATLL cells. Our data demonstrate that transcriptional regulation of PTHrP in ATLL cells can be controlled by T-cell receptor signaling and the ETS and MAPK ERK pathway in a Tax-independent manner.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Poiesz BJ, Ruscetti FW, Gazdar AF, Bunn PA, Minna JD, Gallo RC . Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980; 77: 7415–7419.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Broadus AE, Mangin M, Ikeda K, Insogna KL, Weir EC, Burtis WJ et al. Humoral hypercalcemia of cancer. Identification of a novel parathyroid hormone-like peptide. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 556–563.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Grill V, Martin TJ . Hypercalcemia of malignancy. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2000; 1: 253–263.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Inoue D, Matsumoto T, Ogata E, Ikeda K . 22-Oxacalcitriol, a noncalcemic analogue of calcitriol, suppresses both cell proliferation and parathyroid hormone-related peptide gene expression in human T cell lymphotrophic virus, type I-infected T cells. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 16730–16736.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Wake A, Tanaka Y, Nakatsuka K, Misago M, Oda S, Morimoto I et al. Calcium-dependent homotypic adhesion through leukocyte function- associated antigen-1/intracellular adhesion molecule-1 induces interleukin-1 and parathyroid hormone-related protein production on adult T-cell leukemia cells in vitro. Blood 1995; 86: 2257–2267.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Li X, Drucker DJ . Growth factor-like properties of parathyroid hormone-related peptide in transfected rodent cell line. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 2980–2986.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Kaiser SM, Laneuville P, Bernier SM, Rhim JS, Kremer R, Goltzman D . Enhanced growth of a human keratinocyte cell line induced by antisense RNA for parathyroid hormone-related peptide. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 13623–13628.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Whitfield JF, Isaacs RJ, Jouishomme H, MacLean S, Chakravarthy BR, Morley P et al. C-terminal fragment of parathyroid hormone-related protein, PTHrP-(107–111), stimulates membrane-associated protein kinase C activity and modulates the proliferation of human and murine skin keratinocytes. J Cell Physiol 1996; 166: 1–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Henderson JE, Amizuka N, Warshawsky H, Biasotto D, Lanske BM, Goltzman D et al. Nucleolar localization of parathyroid hormone-related peptide enhances survival of chondrocytes under conditions that promote apoptotic cell death. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15: 4064–4075.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Luparello C, Burtis WJ, Raue F, Birch MA, Gallagher JA . Parathyroid hormone-related peptide and 8701-BC breast cancer cell growth and invasion in vitro: evidence for growth-inhibiting and invasion-promoting effects. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1995; 111: 225–232.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Rabbani SA, Gladu J, Liu B, Goltzman D . Regulation in vivo of the growth of Leydig cell tumors by antisense ribonucleic acid for parathyroid hormone-related peptide. Endocrinology 1995; 136: 5416–5422.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Iwamura M, Abrahamsson PA, Foss KA, Wu G, Cockett AT, Deftos LJ . Parathyroid hormone-related protein: a potential autocrine growth regulator in human prostate cancer cell lines. Urology 1994; 43: 675–679.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Burton PB, Moniz C, Knight DE . Parathyroid hormone related peptide can function as an autocrine growth factor in human renal cell carcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 167: 1134–1138.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Falzon M, Du P . Enhanced growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells overexpressing parathyroid hormone-related peptide [In Process Citation]. Endocrinology 2000; 141: 1882–1892.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Dougherty KM, Blomme EA, Koh AJ, Henderson JE, Pienta KJ, Rosol TJ et al. Parathyroid hormone-related protein as a growth regulator of prostate carcinoma. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 6015–6022.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Mangin M, Ikeda K, Dreyer BE, Broadus AE . Identification of an up-stream promoter of the human parathyroid hormone-related peptide gene. Mol Endocrinol 1990; 4: 851–858.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Campos RV, Wang C, Drucker DJ . Regulation of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) gene transcription. Mol Endocrinol 1992; 6: 1642–1652.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Suva LJ, Mather KA, Gillespie MT, Webb GC, Ng KW, Winslow GA et al. Structure of the 5′ flanking region of the gene encoding human parathyroid-hormone-related protein (PTHrP). Gene 1989; 77: 95–105.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Vasavada RC, Wysolmerski JJ, Broadus AE, Philbrick WM . Identification and characterization of a GC-rich promoter of the human parathyroid hormone-related peptide gene. Mol Endocrinol 1993; 7: 273–282.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Southby J, O'Keeffe LM, Martin TJ, Gillespie MT . Alternative promoter usage and mRNA splicing pathways for parathyroid hormone-related protein in normal tissues and tumours. Br J Cancer 1995; 72: 702–707.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Southby J, Murphy LM, Martin TJ, Gillespie MT . Cell-specific and regulator-induced promoter usage and messenger ribonucleic acid splicing for parathyroid hormone-related protein. Endocrinology 1996; 137: 1349–1357.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Richard V, Luchin A, Brena RM, Plass C, Rosol TJ . Quantitative evaluation of alternative promoter usage and 3′ splice variants for parathyroid hormone-related protein by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Clin Chem 2003; 49: 1398–1402.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Good L, Maggirwar SB, Sun SC . Activation of the IL-2 gene promoter by HTLV-I tax involves induction of NF-AT complexes bound to the CD28-responsive element. EMBO J 1996; 15: 3744–3750.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Ballard DW, Bohnlein E, Lowenthal JW, Wano Y, Franza BR, Greene WC . HTLV-I tax induces cellular proteins that activate the kappa B element in the IL-2 receptor alpha gene. Science 1988; 241: 1652–1655.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Ohtani K, Tsujimoto A, Tsukahara T, Numata N, Miura S, Sugamura K et al. Molecular mechanisms of promoter regulation of the gp34 gene that is trans-activated by an oncoprotein Tax of human T cell leukemia virus type I. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 14119–14129.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Duyao MP, Kessler DJ, Spicer DB, Sonenshein GE . Transactivation of the c-myc gene by HTLV-1 tax is mediated by NFkB. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1992; 182: 421–424.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Toyoshima H, Itoh M, Inoue J, Seiki M, Takaku F, Yoshida M . Secondary structure of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 rex- responsive element is essential for rex regulation of RNA processing and transport of unspliced RNAs. J Virol 1990; 64: 2825–2832.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Askjaer P, Kjems J . Mapping of multiple RNA binding sites of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I rex protein within 5′- and 3′-Rex response elements. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 11463–11471.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Watanabe T, Yamaguchi K, Takatsuki K, Osame M, Yoshida M . Constitutive expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein gene in human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) carriers and adult T cell leukemia patients that can be trans-activated by HTLV-1 tax gene. J Exp Med 1990; 172: 759–765.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Dittmer J, Gitlin SD, Reid RL, Brady JN . Transactivation of the P2 promoter of parathyroid hormone-related protein by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I Tax1: evidence for the involvement of transcription factor Ets1. J Virol 1993; 67: 6087–6095.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Ejima E, Rosenblatt JD, Massari M, Quan E, Stephens D, Rosen CA et al. Cell-type-specific transactivation of the parathyroid hormone-related protein gene promoter by the human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) tax and HTLV-II tax proteins. Blood 1993; 81: 1017–1024.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Dittmer J, Pise-Masison CA, Clemens KE, Choi KS, Brady JN . Interaction of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I Tax, Ets1, and Sp1 in transactivation of the PTHrP P2 promoter. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 4953–4958.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Franchini G, Wong-Staal F, Gallo RC . Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-I) transcripts in fresh and cultured cells of patients with adult T-cell leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1984; 81: 6207–6211.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Kinoshita T, Shimoyama M, Tobinai K, Ito M, Ito S, Ikeda S et al. Detection of mRNA for the tax1/rex1 gene of human T-cell leukemia virus type I in fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells of adult T-cell leukemia patients and viral carriers by using the polymerase chain reaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 5620–5624.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Ikeda K, Okazaki R, Inoue D, Ohno H, Ogata E, Matsumoto T . Interleukin-2 increases production and secretion of parathyroid hormone-related peptide by human T cell leukemia virus type I-infected T cells: possible role in hypercalcemia associated with adult T cell leukemia. Endocrinology 1993; 132: 2551–2556.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Gotoh A, Kitazawa S, Mizuno Y, Takenaka A, Arakawa S, Matsumoto O et al. Common expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein and no correlation of calcium level in renal cell carcinomas. Cancer 1993; 71: 2803–2806.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Oikawa T, Yamada T . Molecular biology of the Ets family of transcription factors. Gene 2003; 303: 11–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Cataisson C, Gordon J, Roussiere M, Abdalkhani A, Lindemann R, Dittmer J et al. Ets-1 activates parathyroid hormone-related protein gene expression in tumorigenic breast epithelial cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2003; 204: 155–168.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Lindemann RK, Ballschmieter P, Nordheim A, Dittmer J . Transforming growth factor beta regulates parathyroid hormone-related protein expression in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells through a novel Smad/Ets synergism. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 46661–46670.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Lindemann RK, Braig M, Ballschmieter P, Guise TA, Nordheim A, Dittmer J . Protein kinase Calpha regulates Ets1 transcriptional activity in invasive breast cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2003; 22: 799–805.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Foley J, Wysolmerski JJ, Missero C, King CS, Philbrick WM . Regulation of parathyroid hormone-related protein gene expression in murine keratinocytes by E1A isoforms: a role for basal promoter and Ets- 1 site. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1999; 156: 13–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Richard V, Lairmore MD, Green PL, Feuer G, Erbe RS, Albrecht B et al. Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy: severe combined immunodeficient/beige mouse model of adult T-cell lymphoma independent of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 tax expression. Am J Pathol 2001; 158: 2219–2228.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Feuer G, Zack JA, Harrington Jr WJ, Valderama R, Rosenblatt JD, Wachsman W et al. Establishment of human T-cell leukemia virus type I T-cell lymphomas in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Blood 1993; 82: 722–731.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Cataisson C, Gordon J, Roussiere M, Abdalkhani A, Lindemann R, Dittmer J et al. Ets-1 activates parathyroid hormone-related protein gene expression in tumorigenic breast epithelial cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2003; 204: 155–168.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Lindemann RK, Ballschmieter P, Nordheim A, Dittmer J . Transforming growth factor beta regulates parathyroid hormone-related protein expression in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells through a novel Smad/Ets synergism. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 46661–46670.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Huang W, Erikson RL . Constitutive activation of Mek1 by mutation of serine phosphorylation sites. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 8960–8963.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Li XH, Gaynor RB . Mechanisms of NF-kappaB activation by the HTLV type 1 tax protein. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2000; 16: 1583–1590.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Ferrari SL, Rizzoli R, Bonjour JP . Effects of epidermal growth factor on parathyroid hormone-related protein production by mammary epithelial cells. J Bone Miner Res 1994; 9: 639–644.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Okano K, Pirola CJ, Wang HM, Forrester JS, Fagin JA, Clemens TL . Involvement of cell cycle and mitogen-activated pathways in induction of parathyroid hormone-related protein gene expression in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Endocrinology 1995; 136: 1782–1789.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Rodan SB, Wesolowski G, Ianacone J, Thiede MA, Rodan GA . Production of parathyroid hormone-like peptide in a human osteosarcoma cell line: stimulation by phorbol esters and epidermal growth factor. J Endocrinol 1989; 122: 219–227.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Lindemann RK, Braig M, Hauser CA, Nordheim A, Dittmer J . Ets2 and protein kinase C epsilon are important regulators of parathyroid hormone-related protein expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Biochem J 2003; 372 (Part 3): 787–797.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Chatila T, Silverman L, Miller R, Geha R . Mechanisms of T cell activation by the calcium ionophore ionomycin. J Immunol 1989; 143: 1283–1289.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Mori N, Fujii M, Ikeda S, Yamada Y, Tomonaga M, Ballard DW et al. Constitutive activation of NF-kappaB in primary adult T-cell leukemia cells. Blood 1999; 93: 2360–2368.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Mori N, Fujii M, Iwai K, Ikeda S, Yamasaki Y, Hata T et al. Constitutive activation of transcription factor AP-1 in primary adult T-cell leukemia cells. Blood 2000; 95: 3915–3921.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Takemoto S, Mulloy JC, Cereseto A, Migone TS, Patel BK, Matsuoka M et al. Proliferation of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma cells is associated with the constitutive activation of JAK/STAT proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 13897–13902.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to T J Rosol.

Additional information

This work was supported by the National Cancer Institute (CA100730 and CA77911) and the National Center for Research Resources (RR00168). VR and MVPN were supported by the Barber Trust Fund from the College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Richard, V., Nadella, M., Green, P. et al. Transcriptional regulation of parathyroid hormone-related protein promoter P3 by ETS-1 in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Leukemia 19, 1175–1183 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.leu.2403787

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.leu.2403787

Keywords

This article is cited by

Search

Quick links