CD57⁺/CD28⁻ T cells in untreated hemato-oncological patients are expanded and display a Th1-type cytokine secretion profile, ex vivo cytolytic activity and enhanced tendency to apoptosis

Abstract

Three-color flow cytometry immunophenotyping revealed significant increases of CD57⁺ and CD28⁻ cells among both circulating CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T lymphocytes of untreated hemato-oncological patients (n = 54) as compared to healthy donors (n = 55), with CD57 and CD28 expression on the patients’ T cells being largely reciprocal. Marked expansion of CD57⁺ cells among circulating CD4⁺ T lymphocytes was frequently detected in patients with chronic leukemia of B cell origin (B-CLL, hairy cell leukemia) but not in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia, suggesting a causal relation with the tumor’s major histocompatibility complex class II expression. Using immunomagnetic separation techniques, we further demonstrate that the patients’ CD57⁺/CD28⁻ T cells display a typical Th1-type cytokine secretion profile upon anti-CD3 stimulation, with a markedly higher secretion of the Th1-type cytokines IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α than their CD57⁻/CD28⁺ counterparts. Cytotoxic activity of circulating CD8⁺ T lymphocytes, measured ex vivo in an anti-CD3-redirected assay, was almost exclusively exerted by the CD57⁺/CD28⁻ subset. Moreover, a marked cytotoxic activity was detected within CD4⁺CD57⁺ T cells from some B-CLL patients. Finally, the patients’ CD57⁺/CD28⁻ T cells displayed an increased tendency to apoptosis in culture. Collectively, our results indicate that the expanded CD57⁺/CD28⁻ T cells in hemato-oncological patients represent differentiated effector cells, similar to their (quantitatively minor) counterpart in healthy donors. The reason for their expansion and their pathophysiologic significance, however, remains unclear.