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Mineralogy is the study of minerals, the building blocks of rocks, which are naturally-occurring, crystalline solids with a set chemical make-up. This includes the study of the chemical composition and physical properties of minerals, as well as mineral formation and geographic distribution, with particular emphasis on minerals with economic value.
The breakdown of pyrophyllite, a hydrous clay mineral in the oceanic sediment, into further hydrated minerals during cold subduction may account for some 22% of water delivered to the lower mantle.
The large low-shear-velocity anomalies in the deep lower mantle below 2300 km depth may relate to H2O-induced ferrous iron stability in bridgmanite, according to laser-heated diamond anvil cell experiments.
Framboidal-like pyrite may not only fingerprint microbial sulfur cycling but also record microbial iron cycling in hydrothermal sulfide systems, according to experimental work with biogenic and abiogenic magnetite and electron microscopy observations.
Hydrous minerals within the Earth affect volatile cycling and mantle geodynamics. Jun Tsuchiya explains how stable phases of these minerals are being uncovered at increasingly high pressures.
Burbankite is a rare sodium carbonate mineral that is easily dissolved away in its host igneous rocks. Its formation and dissolution can help concentrate rare earth elements that are vital for a low-carbon future, as Sam Broom-Fendley explains.
Advances in seismological observational and modelling techniques are needed to constrain complex lowermost mantle structures and understand their influence on the global dynamics and evolution of Earth’s interior.
Schreibersite is found in meteorites and thought to dwell in planetary cores. Tingting Gu explains how it may also have supported life on the early Earth.
Nephrite jade is a semi-precious gemstone composed of tiny crystals and needles of amphibole. Here, Matthew Tarling and Steven Smith describe how its origins lead to inner toughness and beauty.
Carbonates are key minerals for understanding fluids and their interactions with near-surface environments. Ashley King explores their significance on Earth, and beyond.