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Gastrointestinal hormones are hormones produced from specialized endocrine cells of the stomach, pancreas and small intestine, which are secreted directly into the bloodstream. Here, they promote the physical process of food digestion, detect harmful substances and generate responses that protect against harmful substances. Examples of gastrointestinal hormones are ghrelin, amylin and glucagon-like peptides 1 and 2.
A metagenomic analysis reveals that male and female mice exhibit sex-dependent responses to a high-fat diet (HFD), and that estrogenic ligands can attenuate certain aspects of HFDinduced dysbiosis.
