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| Open AccessDigital data storage on DNA tape using CRISPR base editors
DNA is an alternative to data storage materials for its durability, density, and energetics. Here the authors demonstrate the storage of digital information on DNA molecules using base-editing.
- Afsaneh Sadremomtaz
- , Robert F. Glass
- & Reza Zadegan
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Article
| Open AccessDNA-Aeon provides flexible arithmetic coding for constraint adherence and error correction in DNA storage
The extensive information capacity of DNA makes it an attractive alternative to traditional data storage. DNA-Aeon is a DNA data storage solution that can correct all error types commonly observed in DNA storage, while encoding data into sequences that meet user-defined constraints such as GC content, homopolymer length, and no undesired motifs.
- Marius Welzel
- , Peter Michael Schwarz
- & Dominik Heider
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Article
| Open AccessA nanopore interface for higher bandwidth DNA computing
Toe-hold-mediated strand displacement (DSD) is a widely used molecular tool in applications such as DNA computing and nucleic acid diagnostics. Here the authors characterize dozens of orthogonal barcode sequences that can be used for monitoring the output kinetics of multiplexed DSD reactions in real-time using a commercially-available portable nanopore array device.
- Karen Zhang
- , Yuan-Jyue Chen
- & Jeff Nivala
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Article
| Open AccessRewritable two-dimensional DNA-based data storage with machine learning reconstruction
Current DNA-based data storage platforms encode information only in the nucleotide sequence. Here, the authors report a 2DDNA platform that can store data in both sequence context and backbone structure, and has improved image inpainting and enhancement via automatic discoloration detection and deep learning.
- Chao Pan
- , S. Kasra Tabatabaei
- & Olgica Milenkovic
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Article
| Open AccessMolecular-level similarity search brings computing to DNA data storage
Storage technology based on DNA is emerging as an information dense and durable medium. Here the authors use machine learning-based encoding and hybridization probes to execute similarity searches in a DNA database.
- Callista Bee
- , Yuan-Jyue Chen
- & Luis Ceze
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Article
| Open AccessPromiscuous molecules for smarter file operations in DNA-based data storage
The molecular architecture of DNA data storage opens up interesting possibilities and functionalities. Here the authors leverage thermodynamics to control the access of different subsets of data in a file.
- Kyle J. Tomek
- , Kevin Volkel
- & Albert J. Keung
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Article
| Open AccessAn alternative approach to nucleic acid memory
Encoding data in DNA is a promising approach to high density data storage. Here the authors present a prototype sequencing-free method that uses the spatial orientation of DNA strands with super-resolution microscopy readout.
- George D. Dickinson
- , Golam Md Mortuza
- & William L. Hughes
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Review Article
| Open AccessDNA stability: a central design consideration for DNA data storage systems
DNA has the potential to store vast amounts of data but it is subject to physical decay. In this Perspective, the authors propose that the stability of DNA should be a key consideration in how it is used for data storage.
- Karishma Matange
- , James M. Tuck
- & Albert J. Keung
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Article
| Open AccessDNA synthesis for true random number generation
Large volumes of true random numbers are needed for increasing requirements of secure data encryption. Here the authors use the stochastic nature of DNA synthesis to obtain millions of gigabytes of unbiased randomness.
- Linda C. Meiser
- , Julian Koch
- & Robert N. Grass
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Article
| Open AccessLow cost DNA data storage using photolithographic synthesis and advanced information reconstruction and error correction
The current bottleneck for DNA data storage systems is the cost and speed of synthesis. Here, the authors use inexpensive, massively parallel light-directed synthesis and correct for a high error rate with a pipeline of encoding and reconstruction algorithms.
- Philipp L. Antkowiak
- , Jory Lietard
- & Robert N. Grass
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Article
| Open AccessMetastable hybridization-based DNA information storage to allow rapid and permanent erasure
The chemical stability of DNA makes complete erasure of DNA-encoded data difficult. Here the authors mix true and false messages, differentiated by whether a truth marker oligo is bound to it, and show that brief exposure to elevated temperatures randomizes the binding of truth markers preventing data recovery.
- Jangwon Kim
- , Jin H. Bae
- & David Yu Zhang
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Article
| Open AccessQuantifying molecular bias in DNA data storage
DNA is an attractive digital data storing medium due to high information density and longevity. Here the authors use millions of sequences to investigate inherent biases in DNA synthesis and PCR amplification.
- Yuan-Jyue Chen
- , Christopher N. Takahashi
- & Karin Strauss
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Article
| Open AccessDynamic and scalable DNA-based information storage
The physical architectures of information storage dictate how data is encoded, organised and accessed. Here the authors use DNA with a single-strand overhang as a physical address to access specific data and do in-storage file operations in a scalable and reusuable manner.
- Kevin N. Lin
- , Kevin Volkel
- & Albert J. Keung
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Article
| Open AccessDNA punch cards for storing data on native DNA sequences via enzymatic nicking
Current synthetic DNA-based data storage systems have high recording costs, read-write latency and error-rates that make them uncompetitive compared to traditional digital storage. The authors use nicks in native DNA to encode data in parallel and create access sites for in-memory computations.
- S. Kasra Tabatabaei
- , Boya Wang
- & Olgica Milenkovic
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Perspective
| Open AccessPathways to cellular supremacy in biocomputing
Synthetic biology uses cells as its computing substrate, often based on the genetic circuit concept. In this Perspective, the authors argue that existing synthetic biology approaches based on classical models of computation limit the potential of biocomputing, and propose that living organisms have under-exploited capabilities.
- Lewis Grozinger
- , Martyn Amos
- & Angel Goñi-Moreno
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Article
| Open AccessTerminator-free template-independent enzymatic DNA synthesis for digital information storage
Adoption of DNA as a data storage medium could be accelerated with specialized synthesis processes and codecs. The authors describe TdT-mediated DNA synthesis in which data is stored in transitions between non-identical nucleotides and the use of synchronization markers to provide error tolerance.
- Henry H. Lee
- , Reza Kalhor
- & George M. Church