ES cells with the correct gene knocked out can be identified by their color (red), and selected for the next step.

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In a cell culture dish, only a portion of ES cells will contain the targeting vector. These "knockout ES cells" will survive exposure to neomycin and ganciclovir (shown in red), while the other cells

In a cell culture dish, only a portion of ES cells will contain the targeting vector. These "knockout ES cells" will survive exposure to neomycin and ganciclovir (shown in red), while the other cells will die (pink). The surviving cells will then be used for the next step.

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Scientists Can Analyze Gene Function by Deleting Gene Sequences

There are at least thousands of genes in the DNA of most organisms, and more than 20,000 in the DNA of each human being, for instance. How can we determine which genes lead to which observable traits? Scientists have developed techniques that delete individual gene sequences from an organism’s DNA. By observing the impact of this deletion on the entire biological system of an organism, scientists can connect previously unknown genes to their function.