Abstract
Individual variation in drug metabolism is a major cause of unpredictable side effects during therapy. Drug metabolism is controlled by a class of orphan nuclear receptors (NRs), which regulate expression of genes such as CYP (cytochrome)3A4 and MDR-1 (multi-drug resistance-1), that are involved in this process. We have found that xenobiotic-mediated induction of CYP3A4 and MDR-1 gene transcription was inhibited by ketoconazole, a commonly used antifungal drug. Ketoconazole mediated its effect by inhibiting the activation of NRs, human pregnenolone X receptor and constitutive androstene receptor, involved in regulation of CYP3A4 and MDR-1. The effect of ketoconazole was specific to the group of NRs that control xenobiotic metabolism. Ketoconazole disrupted the interaction of the xenobiotic receptor PXR with the co-activator steroid receptor co-activator-1. Ketoconazole treatment resulted in delayed metabolism of tribromoethanol anesthetic in mice, which was correlated to the inhibition of PXR activation and downmodulation of cyp3a11 and mdr-1 genes and proteins. These studies demonstrate for the first time that ketoconazole represses the coordinated activation of genes involved in drug metabolism, by blocking activation of a specific subset of NRs. Our results suggest that ketoconazole can be used as a pan-antagonist of NRs involved in xenobiotic metabolism in vivo, which may lead to novel strategies that improve drug effect and tolerance.
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Abbreviations
- CAR:
-
constitutive androstene receptor
- CYP:
-
cytochrome
- DMSO:
-
dimethylsulfoxide
- EcR:
-
ecdysone receptor
- EGFR:
-
epidermal growth factor receptor
- ELISA:
-
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- FBS:
-
fetal bovine serum
- FXR:
-
farnesol X receptor
- GAPDH:
-
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- hPXR:
-
human pregnenolone X receptor
- LXR:
-
liver activated receptor
- MDR:
-
multidrug resistance
- MDR-1:
-
multidrug resistance-1
- PCN:
-
pregnenolone 16 α-carbonitrile
- PPAR:
-
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- RAR:
-
retinoic acid receptor
- RXR:
-
retinoid X receptor
- SMRT:
-
silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid hormone receptor
- SRC-1:
-
steroid receptor co-activator-1
- SXR:
-
steroid and xenobiotic receptor
- TR:
-
thyroid receptor
- UGT:
-
uridine glucuronosyl transferase
- VDR:
-
vitamin D receptor
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Acknowledgements
We thank Drs Ronald Evans, Hilda Ye and I David Goldman for helpful and insightful discussions. Dr Kenny Ye from the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics of Albert Einstein College of Medicine provided statistical support and advised on statistical methods used in this manuscript. This study was supported by a grant from the Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation (CI: 15-02 to SM) and a grant from ACS (#CCG-104933) to GVK.
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Huang, H., Wang, H., Sinz, M. et al. Inhibition of drug metabolism by blocking the activation of nuclear receptors by ketoconazole. Oncogene 26, 258–268 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1209788
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1209788
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