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Transforming functions of Simian Virus 40

Oncogene volume 20, pages 7899–7907 (2001)Cite this article

Cancer is thought to progress through multiple stages with each stage giving rise to cells showing increased malignant characteristics. Progression through these stages is driven by genetic events such as mutations in tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes, or the acquisition of specific viral transforming sequences. These tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes encode proteins that are key components of regulatory pathways that govern genomic stability, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Three key questions in cancer research are: (1) what specific genetic pathways, and which specific proteins within each pathway must be altered at each stage of tumor progression?; (2) how is cellular behavior changed by altering each specific pathway? and (3) are the cellular consequences the same for altering a given pathway in every cell type, or does a single pathway govern multiple cellular properties depending on the cell-type?

DNA tumor viruses are important both because they provide us with powerful tools to address mechanisms of tumorigenesis, and because, in some cases, they contribute directly to cancer. Rather than alter cellular pathways by mutation, DNA tumor viruses encode dominant acting transforming proteins. Each of these transforming proteins target one or more key regulatory proteins within a cell, thus altering the cell's growth/survival properties. Because the viral transforming proteins must directly associate with their target, they serve as ‘proteo-divining rods,’ guiding investigators through a milieu of cellular pathways and proteins irrelevant to the tumorigenic process and directly to the key players involved in malignant transformation. In addition, insights into how these key pathways are regulated can be gleaned from studies of the biochemical mechanisms by which the viral transforming proteins alter their target. Finally, cell culture and transgenic mouse systems have allowed studies of the role that each regulatory pathway plays in controlling cellular behavior.

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  1. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, Pennsylvania, USA

    M Teresa Sáenz-Robles, Chris S Sullivan & James M Pipas

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Correspondence to James M Pipas.

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Sáenz-Robles, M., Sullivan, C. & Pipas, J. Transforming functions of Simian Virus 40. Oncogene 20, 7899–7907 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1204936

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