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Prostate cancer screening in the PSA era is controversial and the most appropriate measures for diagnosis are widely debated. Vickers and colleagues recently suggested that using PSA velocity in screening offers little benefit compared with traditional markers; however, elimination of this test from practice or guidelines may be premature.
More effective treatment strategies are desperately needed for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer due to the high costs of therapy and surveillance, and the substantial risk of ongoing recurrence or progression to muscle-invasive disease. A recent paper reviews the state of the art regarding combination intravesical chemotherapy and hyperthermia for bladder cancer.
The tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) signaling pathway has been implicated in the development of genitourinary cancers but it's exact role in cancer development, progression, and treatment responses remains unknown, as it can both inhibit and promote tumor growth. In this Review, the author describes the TRAIL apoptosis pathway and discusses how TRAIL-based therapies and combination treatments targeting TRAIL could be used to treat genitourinary malignancies.
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process that occurs in normal vertebrate development, but has also been strongly implicated in tumor metastasis. In this Review, the authors describe the published evidence in support of a role for EMT—or an EMT-like state—in prostate cancer development and metastasis.
Both the cure rate and morbidity of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma are sensitive to nuances of treatment so appropriate management is crucial. Here, Chromecki et al. discuss a number of potential prognostic factors—encompassing clinical characteristics, pathological factors and molecular markers—that might be utilized clinically to identify patients in need of more-aggressive therapy.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common, costly and therapeutically challenging. Defining why certain individuals are protected from UTI while others have severe, recurrent infections has long been difficult, but progress is now being made, encouraging new approaches to risk assessment and therapy. Here, the authors describe how the innate immune system controls host resistance to UTI and how genetic variations in innate immunity affect UTI susceptibility.
