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Prostate cancer nomograms are valuable tools for the discussion of treatment options with patients, but their ability to change patient decisions or improve outcomes remains unproven. In this Viewpoint, Alan Stapleton and Carole Pinnock discuss the limitations and uncertainties surrounding these tools, such as changes in source population clinical profiles over time, and parallel changes in the usefulness of prognostic factors.
There is much debate surrounding the suitability and utility of different prognostic markers in prostate cancer. PSA doubling time (PSADT) has become an important marker in predicting the response to salvage radiotherapy and progression to metastatic disease in men with biochemical failure following local therapy. The methods of calculating PSADT and its use as a prognostic marker are discussed in this review by James Eastham.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is commonly associated with a number of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), the type and severity of which vary with regard to the gender of the patient and the severity of their MS. In their article, Vinay Kalsi and Clare Fowler review the neurologic control of bladder function and the different treatments available to patients with MS who experience LUTS. Unlicensed and possible future treatments are also discussed.
There are a number of factors that can influence a person's risk of developing cancer. In this review focussing on transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, Erika Wolff and colleagues discuss the genes and molecular pathways implicated in the development of bladder cancer. Models for both the mechanisms behind bladder carcinogenesis and its progression are presented.
