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Prognostic models are crucial for optimal management of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) after surgery. Multiple clinico-pathological models to predict cancer outcomes in these patients exist and seem to have reached their performance ceiling. Future research needs to identify new prognostic markers and to consider when and how prognostic models for RCC are implemented into practice.
Prostate-specific membrane antigen-targeted positron emission tomography has revolutionized prostate cancer diagnostics and holds the potential to advance metastases-directed therapy through, among other treatments, ablative radiotherapy.
Artificial intelligence (AI)-based models can potentially reduce workload and assist general pathologists in reaching genitourinary pathologists’ performance. A recent large-scale competition to develop generalizable AI models for prostate cancer detection and grading has shown success; implementation of such models positions them beyond hype and as today’s reality.
Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) have become an important tool for understanding the adverse effects of radical prostate cancer treatment and have been widely integrated into clinical practice. In this Review, the authors discuss the available PROMs for use in prostate cancer care and consider how data collection, interpretation, standardization and reporting will be crucial for the continued implementation of PROM instruments in prostate cancer pathways.
In this Review, Teoh et al. describe different mechanisms of early and late disease recurrence in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer and discuss potential treatment options. In addition, the authors discuss the potential of molecular classification and treatment with immunotherapy and novel therapeutic agents in the future management of bladder cancer.
In this Consensus Statement, a focus group of experts in the field has detailed clinical evidence regarding the classification and current treatment of fetal lower urinary tract obstruction and provided recommendations for prenatal definition, diagnosis and management of this condition.
Several therapeutic options for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are available, but challenges in the field such as drug resistance still exist. In this Perspective, Sager et. al discuss the role and the inhibition of the cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6 in RCC. The role of CDK4/6 at the interface between metabolic signalling pathways and cell cycle, the wide use of CDK4/6 inhibitors in cancer treatment, and promising preclinical studies testing these drugs in RCC support further investigation of CDK4/6 targeting in RCC.
