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Although the optimal protocol of screening men for prostate cancer remains undefined, the Prostate Health Index—phi—might provide an additional tool to improve risk stratification, especially for men with a positive family history.
A joint panel from the American Urological Association (AUA) and the American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) have issued their recommendations for the use of postprostatectomy radiation therapy. Although these guidelines are urgently needed, the AUA–ASTRO panel has failed to consider some salient points and the guidelines ultimately remain of little help.
Although patients with bladder cancer are at increased risk of developing upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), the overall incidence remains low. Serial CT urography is routinely performed in these patients to rule out UTUC, but its clinical value and cost-effectiveness are questionable, especially in patients with non-muscle-invasive disease.
Circulating tumour cells might not only seed distant organs but also reseed the original cancer site, leading to accelerated tumour growth and decreased survival. A recent study suggests that radical prostatectomy might reduce the risk of reseeding and subsequent disease progression in patients with metastatic prostate cancer.
Complex genitourinary injuries have emerged as common occurrences in current military combat operations. In this Review, the authors examine the current management strategies for combat-related injuries with specific focus on the lower urinary tract and genitalia.
Neuromodulation has emerged as a second-line treatment option for patients with overactive bladder (OAB) refractory to initial treatment. In this Review, the authors summarize the diagnosis and first-line treatment options for OAB before providing an in-depth discussion of neuromodulation.
In this Review, Saad and Bishr present an overview of the different management approaches for patients with CRPC, paying particular attention to recently approved agents and therapies that have shown promising results in phase III trials.
Caveolae are flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane involved in membrane trafficking and cell signalling. Here, Parat et al. discuss the roles of caveolin 1 and PTRF in prostate cancer, summarizing the available data on the expression and function of these caveola-forming proteins and asking whether they might be targeted for future therapeutic strategies.
In this Review, LaRue et al. focus on the expression and role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in normal and tumour urothelial cells and the potential use of TLR agonists for bladder cancer treatment.
In this Perspectives article, Rodriguez-Nieves and Macoska discuss relationships between prostatic tissue inflammation (from ageing, infection, or other inflammatory disease processes), prostatic tissue fibrosis, lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD), and BPH, as well as highlighting recent advances in the use of antifibrotic therapeutic agents for treating LUTD.
