Volume 14 Issue 1, January 2017

Onabotulinumtoxin A and sacral neuromodulation are options for treating women with refractory urge urinary incontinence. Both of these treatment options provide symptomatic relief and have advantages and drawbacks. Discussion with patients regarding the risks and benefits of each therapy is critical for informed treatment choice.

Multiple BCG strains are used for intravesical instillation treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer but no large randomized studies comparing these strains are available. To enable creation of new BCG-related agents that overcome the instabilities of the current formulations, molecular examination of BCG's mechanisms of action is required.

A diagnosis of oligometastatic prostate cancer has become increasingly common, as diagnostic techniques have become more effective. However, the optimal management of patients with oligometastatic disease, and even the exact definition of oligometastasis itself, remains unclear. In this Review, Tosoian and colleagues examine the available data and offer their expert opinion on diagnosis, definition and management of the oligometastatic state.

In 2012, the United States Preventive Services Task Force issued a Grade D recommendation for PSA screening — in essence, a recommendation for cessation of prostate cancer screening in all US men. In this Review, the authors discuss the effect of this statement on prostate cancer incidence and dynamics, as well as changes in attitudes to screening of patients and health-care providers in the USA.

The endothelial transcription factor GATA2 has been reported to have a key role in driving prostate cancer aggressiveness. GATA2 overexpression in prostate cancer increases cellular motility and invasiveness, proliferation, tumorigenicity, and resistance to standard therapies. Thus, GATA2 is a highly attractive target for the development of novel treatments against lethal prostate cancer.

Treatment with androgen-deprivation therapy can delay the progression of prostate cancer. However, acquired resistance to such approaches is very common. Here the authors describe the role of androgen synthesis pathways, including the specific relevance of each individual pathway, to the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Reichard and Klein present clinical and molecular data that stand against removing the cancer descriptor from Gleason score 3 + 3 = 6 prostate cancer. They argue that the evidence of a lack of malignancy is inconclusive and that a change in classification might result in poor patient outcomes.