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Recent studies have identified a new population of interleukin-22-producing cells in mucosal tissues that share features with both lymphoid-tissue inducer cells and natural killer cells. How are these three cell populations related and what might be the function of the new cell population?
This article looks at the dysregulation of specific B-cell subpopulations that is associated with chronic HIV infection, with a view to understanding the mechanisms of B-cell pathogenesis in HIV-associated disease and other diseases that are characterized by immune dysfunction.
Viruses have long been suspected to act as triggers of autoimmune disease. This Review describes the various mechanisms that link viruses to autoimmune responses and highlights how viral infection and immune control can be dysregulated during autoimmune disease.
The homeostatic roles of macrophages in tissue development and maintenance are discussed, and insights are provided into how dysregulation of these primitive functions can be subverted in chronic diseases such as cancer and obesity to contribute to pathology.
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)–TNF receptor pairs that regulate the function of effector T cells have gained prominence as therapeutic targets. Here, Michael Croft describes the biology of four such TNF–TNFR pairs and discusses the implications of targeting them during conditions of inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer.
This Timeline article provides an overview of the discovery and proposed mechanisms of action of aluminium salts, the most widely used vaccine adjuvants. The recent progresses and outstanding controversies on how aluminium salts function as adjuvants are also discussed.
Recent studies indicate that haematopoietic progenitor cells have more plasticity with regard to lineage choice than previously appreciated. To account for this developmental plasticity, Rhodri Ceredig and colleagues propose a new model of haematopoiesis.
