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NOD1 and NOD2 are intracellular sensors of microbial components derived from bacterial peptidoglycan. This Review describes the signalling pathways of these NOD proteins and details their role in the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis and the induction of mucosal immunity.
Adrian Hill gives us a rundown of the latest developments in malaria vaccine research, and he highlights the recent promising results from clinical trials in Africa of vaccines that target the pre-erythrocytic stages of the malaria life cycle.
Although Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most widely studied pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), non-TLR PRRs are also important sensors of pathogens. This Review describes the role of one non-TLR PRR, dectin-1, in immunity and the implications of this role for the function of other non-TLR PRRs.
This Review focuses on the regulation of inflammation by peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and liver X receptors (LXRs). These nuclear receptors work in combination with the glucocorticoid receptor (another member of the nuclear-receptor superfamily) to coordinate the inflammatory response.
Members of the signalling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family of receptors associate with adaptor molecules of the SLAM-associated protein (SAP) family and have an important role in various aspects of innate and adaptive immune responses.
This article describes the recent studies that elucidate the mechanism of action of the adaptor proteins SLP76 and SLP65. It details their crucial role in signalling by immunoreceptors and integrins, as well as their further unexpected roles in vascular development and leukaemia.
In this Opinion article, Thomas Boehm proposes that quality-control mechanisms, such as the MHC peptide-presentation system, that tame immunoreceptor self-reactivity might be derived from an ancestral mechanism that guided sexual selection and similarly used information contained in intracellular peptide sequences.
