Volume 12 Issue 8, August 2012

Innate lymphoid cells help to retain commensal bacteria in anatomical niches and prevent systemic inflammation.

A population of precursor Langerhans cells is recruited to the epidermis via hair follicles.

Linking the high levels of antimicrobial activity and keratinocyte hyperproliferation in psoriatic skin lesions.

PD1 inhibits T cell proliferation by targeting multiple cell cycle regulators.

IL-23 activates innate-like entheseal T cells to promote spondyloarthritis in mice.

The host-specific microbiota is essential for a healthy immune system.

KRAS-transformed pancreatic tumour cells produce GM-CSF, which recruits MDSCs to promote an immunosuppressive microenvironment.

Induced regulatory T cells emerged to protect allogeneic fetuses from immune-mediated attack.

This Review integrates recent evidence regarding the intracellular trafficking pathways involved in cross-presentation into our understanding of the role of cross-presentation in immunity and tolerance.

Patients with autoinflammatory diseases develop pathological tissue inflammation in the absence of any autoreactive B or T cell responses. Recent studies have shown that defective regulation of pro-inflammatory immune components or protein handling pathways can provoke such autoinflammatory attacks. This Review describes the latest findings in the field and discusses their therapeutic significance.

Here, Joel Ernst proposes that there are distinct stages in the immune response toMycobacterium tuberculosisthat form an 'immunological life cycle'. The description of this framework can help the understanding and study of immunity to tuberculosis in humans and animal models.

This Review summarizes the past, current and future directions for the development of mucosal vaccines, with a particular focus on the importance of the formulation, the route of administration and the choice of adjuvant for the induction of protective mucosal immunity.

The development of effective antiretroviral therapies has greatly improved the disease prognosis for patients with HIV. However, the limitations of these therapies have renewed interest in developing alternative treatment strategies. Here, a group of experts from the International AIDS Society discuss the research steps that need to be taken to achieve the ultimate objective — a cure for HIV.