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The pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy and cerebral edema in patients with acute liver failure has yet to be fully elucidated. This Viewpoint considers whether infection and inflammation have a role to play, and discusses emerging data on the molecular pathways that could link ammonia to infection and inflammation in this setting.
Metoclopramide is one of the most widely used drugs for gastroenterological motility disorders, but it has many potentially troublesome neurological adverse effects, particularly movement disorders. The authors of this Review discuss the indications for metoclopramide, its side effects and common pitfalls of prescribing metoclopramide, and describe strategies to minimize the medicolegal risks to the prescribing physician.
In this Review, the authors discuss the justification for living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), the introduction of LDLT for the treatment of pediatric patients and its expansion to include the treatment of adult recipients. How pediatric and adult recipients are selected, LDLT performed, and the implications for living donors affected by these decisions are also considered.
Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) is the most recent major practical and conceptual advance in the field of endoscopy, and its widespread deployment in gastrointestinal practice suggests that it is has achieved mainstream use. In this Review, the author considers the indications for VCE, practical issues (such as patient selection and bowel preparation), and the limitations and complications of VCE, and discusses what VCE's future might hold.
The correlation between the endoscopic impression of gastritis and histologic gastritis is poor and there are few well-known histologic gastritides that yield specific diagnoses. Gastroenterologists might therefore be frustrated by the surgical pathology report accompanying a set of gastric biopsies. The authors of this Review explain common pathologic diagnoses of gastric inflammation and address communication deficiencies between pathologists and gastroenterologists.
