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Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells reduce the average lifespan of productively infected cells during acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection (a primate model of human immunodeficiency virus infection). However, they are ineffective at preventing the establishment of a persistent reservoir of latently infected cells under long-term antiretroviral therapy.
Chemotaxis towards the interspecies quorum sensing signal autoinducer 2 (AI-2) promotes gut colonization by Escherichia coli and is linked to fructoselysine metabolism. The differential ability of E. coli strains to chemotactically respond to AI-2 further leads to niche segregation and co-existence of E. coli strains in the murine gut.
A combined quantitative and isotope-tracking proteomics approach illuminates how scarce nitrogen is allocated to protein biosynthesis by members of an ocean-surface microbial community. We identify taxon-specific substrate preferences and a distinct subset of functions — particularly infrastructure for protein production, folding and turnover — that constitute the bulk of community nitrogen demand.
This work shows that Akkermansia muciniphila and its metabolite, harmaline, upregulate the production of bile acid-coenzyme A: amino acid N-acyltransferase (BAAT) in hepatocytes. As a result of enhanced BAAT production, increased synthesis of conjugated primary bile acids suppresses the severe systemic inflammation caused by severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus infection.
