Abstract
Despite the increasing prevalence of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and less common neurodegenerative diseases—and despite the large amount of primary research that has been carried out into the causes and pathogenic features of these conditions—progress toward effective treatments has been remarkably slow. Why is this, and what can be done to accelerate it? There are a number of obstacles to effective drug discovery for neurodegeneration, but by considering these problems it is possible to identify lessons for the future.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$209.00 per year
only $17.42 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Nussbaum, R.L. & Ellis, C.E. Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 1356–1364 (2003).
Caughey, B. & Lansbury, P.T. Protofibrils, pores, fibrils, and neurodegeneration: separating the responsible protein aggregates from the innocent bystanders. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 26, 267–298 (2003).
Cohen, F.E. & Kelly, J.W. Therapeutic approaches to protein-misfolding diseases. Nature 426, 905–909 (2003).
Lansbury, P.T., Jr. & Brice, A. Genetics of Parkinson's disease and biochemical studies of implicated gene products. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 14, 653–660 (2002).
Selkoe, D.J. Folding proteins in fatal ways. Nature 426, 900–904 (2003).
Dawson, T.M. & Dawson, V.L. Rare genetic mutations shed light on the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease. J. Clin. Invest. 111, 145–151 (2003).
Sinha, S. et al. Purification and cloning of amyloid precursor protein β-secretase from human brain. Nature 402, 537–540 (1999).
Kosaka, K. & Iseki, E. Dementia with Lewy bodies. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 9, 271–275 (1996).
Karlawish, J.H. & Clark, C.M. Diagnostic evaluation of elderly patients with mild memory problems. Ann. Intern. Med. 138, 411–419 (2003).
Maraganore, D.M. et al. Case-control study of the ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 gene in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 53, 1858–1860 (1999).
Satoh, J. & Kuroda, Y. A polymorphic variation of serine to tyrosine at codon 18 in the ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 gene is associated with a reduced risk of sporadic Parkinson's disease in a Japanese population. J. Neurol. Sci. 189, 113–117 (2001).
Wang, J. et al. ACT and UCH-L1 polymorphisms in Parkinson's disease and age of onset. Mov. Disord. 17, 767–771 (2002).
Momose, Y. et al. Association studies of multiple candidate genes for Parkinson's disease using single nucleotide polymorphisms. Ann. Neurol. 51, 133–136 (2002).
Maraganore, D.M. et al. Complex interactions in Parkinson's disease: a two-phased approach. Mov. Disord. 18, 631–636 (2003).
Group, P.S. Dopamine transporter brain imaging to assess the effects of pramipexole vs levodopa on Parkinson disease progression. JAMA 287, 1653–1661 (2002).
Schapira, A.H. & Olanow, C.W. Neuroprotection in Parkinson disease: mysteries, myths, and misconceptions. JAMA 291, 358–364 (2004).
Hsiao, K. et al. Correlative memory deficits, Aβ elevation, and amyloid plaques in transgenic mice. Science 274, 99–102 (1996).
Shorter, E. Looking backwards: a possible new path for drug discovery in psychopharmacology. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 1, 1003–1006 (2002).
Berger, E. et al. A common origin for cosmic explosions inferred from calorimetry of GRB030329. Nature 426, 154–157 (2003).
Yuan, J. & Yankner, B.A. Apoptosis in the nervous system. Nature 407, 802–809 (2000).
Cookson, M.R. Pathways to parkinsonism. Neuron 37, 7–10 (2003).
Cai, X.D., Golde, T.E. & Younkin, S.G. Release of excess amyloid β protein from a mutant amyloid β protein precursor. Science 259, 514–516 (1993).
Citron, M. et al. Mutation of the β-amyloid precursor protein in familial Alzheimer's disease increases β-protein production. Nature 360, 672–674 (1992).
Vassar, R. et al. β-secretase cleavage of Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein by the transmembrane aspartic protease BACE. Science 286, 735–741 (1999).
Wolfe, M.S. et al. Two transmembrane aspartates in presenilin-1 required for presenilin endoproteolysis and γ-secretase activity. Nature 398, 513–517 (1999).
McGeer, P.L., McGeer, E., Rogers, J. & Sibley, J. Anti-inflammatory drugs and Alzheimer disease. Lancet 335, 1037 (1990).
Weggen, S. et al. A subset of NSAIDs lower amyloidogenic Aβ42 independently of cyclooxygenase activity. Nature 414, 212–216 (2001).
Sagi, S.A., Weggen, S., Eriksen, J., Golde, T.E. & Koo, E.H. The non-cyclooxygenase targets of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, lipoxygenases, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, inhibitor of κB kinase, and NF-κB, do not reduce amyloid β42 production. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 31825–31830 (2003).
Zhou, Y. et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can lower amyloidogenic Aβ42 by inhibiting Rho. Science 302, 1215–1217 (2003).
Esler, W.P. & Wolfe, M.S. A portrait of Alzheimer secretases—new features and familiar faces. Science 293, 1449–1454 (2001).
Nass, R., Hall, D.H., Miller, D.M., 3rd & Blakely, R.D. Neurotoxin-induced degeneration of dopamine neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 3264–3269 (2002).
Feany, M.B. & Bender, W.W. A Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease. Nature 404, 394–398 (2000).
Iijima, K. et al. Dissecting the pathological effects of human Aβ40 and Aβ42 in Drosophila: a potential model for Alzheimer's disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 6623–6628 (2004).
Auluck, P.K. & Bonini, N.M. Pharmacological prevention of Parkinson disease in Drosophila. Nat. Med. 8, 1185–1186 (2002).
Steffan, J.S. et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitors arrest polyglutamine-dependent neurodegeneration in Drosophila. Nature 413, 739–743 (2001).
Micchelli, C.A. et al. γ-Secretase/presenilin inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease phenocopy Notch mutations in Drosophila. FASEB J. 17, 79–81 (2003).
Borisy, A.A. et al. Systematic discovery of multicomponent therapeutics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 7977–7982 (2003).
Alper, J. Drug development. Biotech thinking comes to academic medical centers. Science 299, 1303–1305 (2003).
Stein, R.L. A new model for drug discovery—meeting our societal obligation. Drug Discov. Today 8, 245–248 (2003).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The author declares no competing financial interests.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lansbury, P. Back to the future: the 'old-fashioned' way to new medications for neurodegeneration. Nat Med 10 (Suppl 7), S51–S57 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1435
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1435
This article is cited by
-
Development of a hydroxyflavone-labelled 4554W peptide probe for monitoring αS aggregation
Scientific Reports (2023)
-
Natural products from marine organisms with neuroprotective activity in the experimental models of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and ischemic brain stroke: their molecular targets and action mechanisms
Archives of Pharmacal Research (2015)
-
Zebrafish Models of Kidney Damage and Repair
Current Pathobiology Reports (2015)
-
Non-linear relationships of cerebrospinal fluid biomarker levels with cognitive function: an observational study
Alzheimer's Research & Therapy (2011)
-
Saliva levels of Abeta1-42 as potential biomarker of Alzheimer's disease: a pilot study
BMC Neurology (2010)