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Sea surface temperatures have varied over the past 2,000 years. A synthesis of surface-temperature reconstructions shows ocean surface cooling from ad 1 to 1800, with much of the trend from 800 to 1800 driven by volcanic eruptions.
Slow earthquakes have recently been discovered on the shallow parts of some subduction zones. A review of the conditions under which these quakes form reveals that they could be common in most subduction zones globally.
Glaciers and polar ice sheets store and release a small but important pool of organic carbon. The changing climate is making glaciers an increasingly important driver of carbon dynamics in aquatic ecosystems.