Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has become an essential tool for studying human brain function. Here we describe the application of this technique to anesthetized monkeys. We present spatially resolved functional images of the monkey cortex based on blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contrast. Checkerboard patterns or pictures of primates were used to study stimulus-induced activation of the visual cortex, in a 4.7-Tesla magnetic field, using optimized multi-slice, gradient-recalled, echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequences to image the entire brain. Under our anesthesia protocol, visual stimulation yielded robust, reproducible, focal activation of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), the primary visual area (V1) and a number of extrastriate visual areas, including areas in the superior temporal sulcus. Similar responses were obtained in alert, behaving monkeys performing a discrimination task.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Torsten Trinath for laboratory assistance, Albert Vaeth and Mark Augath for help in running the MR scanner, D. Cory of MIT for advice in the initial phase of the project and Bernd Gewiese, Martin Ilg and Wolfgang Kreibich of Bruker Medical Inc. for help with technical issues. We are indebted to C. Hoffman, K. Stahl, S. Weber and A. Dietz for design and fine-mechanical work and to Klaus Lamberty for the hand drawings. Finally we thank R. Turner, P. Tse, M. Sereno and D. Blaurock for comments on the manuscript and K. Unertl for enabling the collaboration with the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Tuebingen School of Medicine.
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Logothetis, N., Guggenberger, H., Peled, S. et al. Functional imaging of the monkey brain. Nat Neurosci 2, 555–562 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1038/9210
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/9210
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