1. Shahin Rafii and David Lyden are in the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Genetic Medicine and Pediatric Oncology Department, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA. e-mail: srafii@med.cornell.edu; e-mail: DCL2001@med.cornell.edu

Abstract

Primary tumours release soluble factors, including VEGF-A, TGF and TNF, which induce expression of the chemokines S100A8 and S100A9 in the myeloid and endothelial cells within the lung before tumour metastasis. These chemokine-activated premetastatic niches support adhesion and invasion of disseminating malignant cells, thereby establishing a fertile habitat for metastatic tumours.

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