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Review
Nature 461, 747-753 (8 October 2009) | doi:10.1038/nature08494; Received 25 June 2009; Accepted 11 September 2009
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Assistant Professor of Medicine
- Massachusetts General Hospital
- Boston, MA
International PhD Programme
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
- Cambridge, UK
Finding the missing heritability of complex diseases
Teri A. Manolio1, Francis S. Collins2, Nancy J. Cox3, David B. Goldstein4, Lucia A. Hindorff5, David J. Hunter6, Mark I. McCarthy7, Erin M. Ramos5, Lon R. Cardon8, Aravinda Chakravarti9, Judy H. Cho10, Alan E. Guttmacher1, Augustine Kong11, Leonid Kruglyak12, Elaine Mardis13, Charles N. Rotimi14, Montgomery Slatkin15, David Valle9, Alice S. Whittemore16, Michael Boehnke17, Andrew G. Clark18, Evan E. Eichler19, Greg Gibson20, Jonathan L. Haines21, Trudy F. C. Mackay22, Steven A. McCarroll23 & Peter M. Visscher24
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified hundreds of genetic variants associated with complex human diseases and traits, and have provided valuable insights into their genetic architecture. Most variants identified so far confer relatively small increments in risk, and explain only a small proportion of familial clustering, leading many to question how the remaining, 'missing' heritability can be explained. Here we examine potential sources of missing heritability and propose research strategies, including and extending beyond current genome-wide association approaches, to illuminate the genetics of complex diseases and enhance its potential to enable effective disease prevention or treatment.
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