1. Department of Human Genetics,
2. Life Sciences Institute,
3. Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, and,
4. Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
5. Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics,
6. Pediatrics, and,
7. Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine
8. Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
9. Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
10. John D. Dingle VA Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA

Correspondence to: Miriam H. Meisler¹ Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to M.H.M. (Email: meislerm@umich.edu).

Abstract

Membrane-bound phosphoinositides are signalling molecules that have a key role in vesicle trafficking in eukaryotic cells¹. Proteins that bind specific phosphoinositides mediate interactions between membrane-bounded compartments whose identity is partially encoded by cytoplasmic phospholipid tags. Little is known about the localization and regulation of mammalian phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P₂), a phospholipid present in small quantities that regulates membrane trafficking in the endosome–lysosome axis in yeast². Here we describe a multi-organ disorder with neuronal degeneration in the central nervous system, peripheral neuronopathy and diluted pigmentation in the 'pale tremor' mouse. Positional cloning identified insertion of ETn2 (early transposon 2)³ into intron 18 of Fig4 (A530089I17Rik), the homologue of a yeast SAC (suppressor of actin) domain PtdIns(3,5)P₂ 5-phosphatase located in the vacuolar membrane. The abnormal concentration of PtdIns(3,5)P₂ in cultured fibroblasts from pale tremor mice demonstrates the conserved biochemical function of mammalian Fig4. The cytoplasm of fibroblasts from pale tremor mice is filled with large vacuoles that are immunoreactive for LAMP-2 (lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2), consistent with dysfunction of the late endosome–lysosome axis. Neonatal neurodegeneration in sensory and autonomic ganglia is followed by loss of neurons from layers four and five of the cortex, deep cerebellar nuclei and other localized brain regions. The sciatic nerve exhibits reduced numbers of large-diameter myelinated axons, slowed nerve conduction velocity and reduced amplitude of compound muscle action potentials. We identified pathogenic mutations of human FIG4 (KIAA0274) on chromosome 6q21 in four unrelated patients with hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy. This novel form of autosomal recessive Charcot–Marie–Tooth disorder is designated CMT4J.

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