FIGURE 1. Schematic representation of the engineered artemisinic acid biosynthetic pathway in S. cerevisiae strain EPY224 expressing CYP71AV1 and CPR.
From the following article:
Production of the antimalarial drug precursor artemisinic acid in engineered yeast
Dae-Kyun Ro, Eric M. Paradise, Mario Ouellet, Karl J. Fisher, Karyn L. Newman, John M. Ndungu, Kimberly A. Ho, Rachel A. Eachus, Timothy S. Ham, James Kirby, Michelle C. Y. Chang, Sydnor T. Withers, Yoichiro Shiba, Richmond Sarpong and Jay D. Keasling
Nature 440, 940-943 (13 April 2006)
doi:10.1038/nature04640
Genes from the mevalonate pathway in S. cerevisiae that are directly upregulated are shown in blue; those that are indirectly upregulated by upc2-1 expression are in purple; and the red line denotes repression of ERG9 in strain EPY224. The pathway intermediates IPP, DMAPP and GPP are defined as isopentenyl pyrophosphate, dimethyl allyl pyrophosphate and geranyl pyrophosphate, respectively. Green arrows indicate the biochemical pathway leading from farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) to artemisinic acid, which was introduced into S. cerevisiae from A. annua. The three oxidation steps converting amorphadiene to artemisinic acid by CYP71AV1 and CPR are shown.