Editorials

Refocusing NASA's vision p127

Ballooning costs for NASA's next space telescope are putting other worthwhile projects at risk — and carry lessons for future mission planning.

doi:10.1038/440127a

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A warm welcome p128

Scientists should embrace a move by evangelicals to join the debate on climate change.

doi:10.1038/440128a

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Slow train coming p128

Reform of Ukraine's archaic research system is needed sooner rather than later.

doi:10.1038/440128b

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Research Highlights

Research highlights p130

doi:10.1038/440130a

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News

Ukraine scientists grow impatient for change p132

Researchers still waiting for a dividend from the 'orange revolution'.

Quirin Schiermeier

doi:10.1038/440132a

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Evidence for bubble fusion called into question p132

Failure to replicate results causes heated debate.

Eugenie Samuel Reich

doi:10.1038/440132b

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Sidelines p133

doi:10.1038/440133a

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Tempers blaze over artistic integrity p134

Accusations fly as spat over Renaissance painting technique gets personal.

Rex Dalton

doi:10.1038/440134a

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Can cats spread avian flu? p135

Fears grow over felines carrying H5N1 virus.

Declan Butler

doi:10.1038/440135a

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Church joins crusade over climate change p136

Evangelical leaders have called on the United States to step up its efforts to control greenhouse-gas emissions. But can they force action where others have failed, asks Amanda Haag.

doi:10.1038/440136a

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Japan anticipates green light for nuclear plants p138

Fuel recycling programme edges closer to reality.

Ichiko Fuyuno

doi:10.1038/440138a

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News in brief p139

doi:10.1038/440139a

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News Features

US astronomy: Is the next big thing too big? p140

The cost of the James Webb Space Telescope could cripple US astronomy. Tony Reichhardt takes a closer look.

doi:10.1038/440140a

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Ecology: Caught between shores p144

Ecologists paid by industry to assess the effects of businesses on the environment are often accused of selling their souls. But isn't scientific expertise exactly what is needed? Michael Hopkin investigates.

doi:10.1038/440144a

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Business

Ringing the changes at Bell Labs p146

Lucent hopes that a leader with an entrepreneurial bent will revive the legendary Bell Laboratories. Geoff Brumfiel reports.

doi:10.1038/440146a

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In Brief p147

doi:10.1038/440147a

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Market Watch p147

Colin Macilwain

doi:10.1038/440147b

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Correspondence

Hasty energy review risks failing to win public trust p148

James Tansey, David Gee, Melissa Leach, Jerome Ravetz, Alister Scott, Andrew Stirling, Bronislaw Szerszynski and Tom Wakeford

doi:10.1038/440148a

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Silence isn't necessarily an admission of guilt p148

Rory P. Wilson

doi:10.1038/440148b

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GOOS can help to keep an eagle eye on the oceans p148

Keith Alverson

doi:10.1038/440148c

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Giants of physics found white-dwarf mass limits p148

Eric Blackman

doi:10.1038/440148d

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Books and Arts

The life of a sage p149

J. D. Bernal was a multifaceted crystallographer who laid the foundations of molecular biology.

Kenneth C. Holmes reviews J. D. Bernal: The Sage of Science by Andrew Brown

doi:10.1038/440149a

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In search of Prometheus p150

James Bradley reviews Bioethics and the New Embryology: Springboards for Debate by Scott F. Gilbert, Anna L. Tyler and Emily J. Zackin

doi:10.1038/440150a

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Tall tales from the deep p151

Victor Smetacek reviews Singing Whales, Flying Squid and Swimming Cucumbers: The Discovery of Marine Life by Richard Ellis

doi:10.1038/440151a

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Science in culture: Seeing the light p152

Dan Flavin experimented with fluorescent tubes to create his art.

Martin Kemp

doi:10.1038/440152a

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News and Views

Cell biology: When the tail wags the dog p153

Flagella are whip-like structures that power the movement of certain cells. Analysis of a single-cell parasite, the African trypanosome, reveals that flagella are also essential for viability in this organism.

Scott M. Landfear

doi:10.1038/440153a

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Astrophysics: Ancient blast comes to light p154

Light from the oldest and farthest stellar explosion yet seen was emitted when the Universe was a mere infant. It provides a close-up view of how and when stars formed, and how they affect the primordial gas around them.

Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz

doi:10.1038/440154a

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50 & 100 years ago p155

doi:10.1038/440155a

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Biological chemistry: Catalytic competition for cells p156

Ways of evolving proteins, and assessing the vast numbers of variants needed to identify those with novel enzymatic activity, are themselves evolving. Oil droplets containing basic cell machinery provide a promising approach.

Virginia W. Cornish

doi:10.1038/440156a

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Molecular physics: Recombination cool and fast p157

Molecular physicists and astrophysicists alike would like to know how fast the H₃⁺ molecular ion recombines with electrons. Fast, seems to be the answer — with an awkward consequence for the astrophysicists.

Benjamin J. McCall

doi:10.1038/440157a

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Neurobiology: How fast can you go? p158

Rhythmic activities such as walking need tight coordination. In mice, pace is tweaked by a specific set of spinal-cord neurons that, surprisingly, make the animals walk faster by inhibiting the underlying circuit.

Laura N. Borodinsky

doi:10.1038/440158a

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Bioengineering: Diagnosis on disc p159

Highly complex immunoassays that identify and quantify many different antigens simultaneously need high-resolution imaging capability. A simple, low-cost technique could be music to our ears.

Frances S. Ligler and Jeffrey S. Erickson

doi:10.1038/440159a

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Physical Chemistry: Stressed molecules break down p160

Tough carbon–carbon bonds can snap in certain large molecules just because the two sides of the molecule cannot agree on which way to go during adsorption. Heresy? The view through the microscope suggests otherwise.

Steve Granick and Sung Chul Bae

doi:10.1038/440160a

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Comparative genomics: Difference of expression p161

Evolutionary studies tend to focus on alterations in proteins. But evolutionary change can often occur through modified gene expression, a process that is now under investigation with species-specific microarrays.

Rasmus Nielsen

doi:10.1038/440161a

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Obituary: Richard Dalitz (1925–2006) p162

Particle physicist and creator of the Dalitz plot.

Graham Ross

doi:10.1038/440162a

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Brief Communications

Molecular machines: Nanomotor rotates microscale objects p163

A molecular motor in a liquid-crystal film uses light to turn items thousands of times larger than itself.

Rienk Eelkema, Michael M. Pollard, Javier Vicario, Nathalie Katsonis, Blanca Serrano Ramon, Cees W. M. Bastiaansen, Dirk J. Broer and Ben L. Feringa

doi:10.1038/440163a

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Gamma-ray bursts: Huge explosion in the early Universe p164

G. Cusumano, V. Mangano, G. Chincarini, A. Panaitescu, D. N. Burrows, V. La Parola, T. Sakamoto, S. Campana, T. Mineo, G. Tagliaferri, L. Angelini, S. D. Barthelemy, A. P. Beardmore, P. T. Boyd, L. R. Cominsky, C. Gronwall, E. E. Fenimore, N. Gehrels, P. Giommi, M. Goad, K. Hurley, J. A. Kennea, K. O. Mason, F. Marshall, P. Mészáros, J. A. Nousek, J. P. Osborne, D. M. Palmer, P. W. A. Roming, A. Wells, N. E. White and B. Zhang

doi:10.1038/440164a

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Corrigendum p164

doi:10.1038/440164b

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Brief Communications Arising

Molecular genetics: DNA analysis of a putative dog clone pE1

Heidi G. Parker, Leonid Kruglyak and Elaine A. Ostrander

doi:10.1038/nature04685

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Molecular genetics: Verification that Snuppy is a clone pE2

Seoul National University Investigation CommitteeJung Bin Lee and Chankyu Park

doi:10.1038/nature04686

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Review

Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change p165

Eric A. Davidson and Ivan A. Janssens

doi:10.1038/nature04514

Abstract | Full Text | PDF (406K)

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Article

Stochastic spineless expression creates the retinal mosaic for colour vision p174

Mathias F. Wernet, Esteban O. Mazzoni, Arzu Çelik, Dianne M. Duncan, Ian Duncan and Claude Desplan

doi:10.1038/nature04615

Abstract | Full Text | PDF (783K) | Supplementary information

Letters

A photometric redshift of z = 6.39 0.12 for GRB 050904 p181

J. B. Haislip, M. C. Nysewander, D. E. Reichart, A. Levan, N. Tanvir, S. B. Cenko, D. B. Fox, P. A. Price, A. J. Castro-Tirado, J. Gorosabel, C. R. Evans, E. Figueredo, C. L. MacLeod, J. R. Kirschbrown, M. Jelinek, S. Guziy, A. de Ugarte Postigo, E. S. Cypriano, A. LaCluyze, J. Graham, R. Priddey, R. Chapman, J. Rhoads, A. S. Fruchter, D. Q. Lamb, C. Kouveliotou, R. A. M. J. Wijers, M. B. Bayliss, B. P. Schmidt, A. M. Soderberg, S. R. Kulkarni, F. A. Harrison, D. S. Moon, A. Gal-Yam, M. M. Kasliwal, R. Hudec, S. Vitek, P. Kubanek, J. A. Crain, A. C. Foster, J. C. Clemens, J. W. Bartelme, R. Canterna, D. H. Hartmann, A. A. Henden, S. Klose, H.-S. Park, G. G. Williams, E. Rol, P. O'Brien, D. Bersier, F. Prada, S. Pizarro, D. Maturana, P. Ugarte, A. Alvarez, A. J. M. Fernandez, M. J. Jarvis, M. Moles, E. Alfaro, K. M. Ivarsen, N. D. Kumar, C. E. Mack, C. M. Zdarowicz, N. Gehrels, S. Barthelmy and D. N. Burrows

doi:10.1038/nature04552

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An optical spectrum of the afterglow of a -ray burst at a redshift of z = 6.295 p184

N. Kawai, G. Kosugi, K. Aoki, T. Yamada, T. Totani, K. Ohta, M. Iye, T. Hattori, W. Aoki, H. Furusawa, K. Hurley, K. S. Kawabata, N. Kobayashi, Y. Komiyama, Y. Mizumoto, K. Nomoto, J. Noumaru, R. Ogasawara, R. Sato, K. Sekiguchi, Y. Shirasaki, M. Suzuki, T. Takata, T. Tamagawa, H. Terada, J. Watanabe, Y. Yatsu and A. Yoshida

doi:10.1038/nature04498

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Quasiparticle breakdown in a quantum spin liquid p187

Matthew B. Stone, Igor A. Zaliznyak, Tao Hong, Collin L. Broholm and Daniel H. Reich

doi:10.1038/nature04593

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Adsorption-induced scission of carbon–carbon bonds p191

Sergei S. Sheiko, Frank C. Sun, Adrian Randall, David Shirvanyants, Michael Rubinstein, Hyung-il Lee and Krzysztof Matyjaszewski

doi:10.1038/nature04576

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See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Granick & Bae

Photosensitized reduction of nitrogen dioxide on humic acid as a source of nitrous acid p195

Konrad Stemmler, Markus Ammann, Chantal Donders, Jörg Kleffmann and Christian George

doi:10.1038/nature04603

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Cryptic striations in the upper mantle revealed by hafnium isotopes in southeast Indian ridge basalts p199

D. W. Graham, J. Blichert-Toft, C. J. Russo, K. H. Rubin and F. Albarède

doi:10.1038/nature04582

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (967K) | Supplementary information

Stratified prokaryote network in the oxic–anoxic transition of a deep-sea halocline p203

Daniele Daffonchio, Sara Borin, Tullio Brusa, Lorenzo Brusetti, Paul W. J. J. van der Wielen, Henk Bolhuis, Michail M. Yakimov, Giuseppe D'Auria, Laura Giuliano, Danielle Marty, Christian Tamburini, Terry J. McGenity, John E. Hallsworth, Andrea M. Sass, Kenneth N. Timmis, Anastasios Tselepides, Gert J. de Lange, Andreas Hübner, John Thomson, Soterios P. Varnavas, Francesco Gasparoni, Hans W. Gerber, Elisa Malinverno, Cesare Corselli and  The Biodeep Scientific Party

doi:10.1038/nature04418

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Predator learning favours mimicry of a less-toxic model in poison frogs p208

Catherine R. Darst and Molly E. Cummings

doi:10.1038/nature04297

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Global tests of biodiversity concordance and the importance of endemism p212

John F. Lamoreux, John C. Morrison, Taylor H. Ricketts, David M. Olson, Eric Dinerstein, Meghan W. McKnight and Herman H. Shugart

doi:10.1038/nature04291

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V1 spinal neurons regulate the speed of vertebrate locomotor outputs p215

Simon Gosgnach, Guillermo M. Lanuza, Simon J. B. Butt, Harald Saueressig, Ying Zhang, Tomoko Velasquez, Dieter Riethmacher, Edward M. Callaway, Ole Kiehn and Martyn Goulding

doi:10.1038/nature04545

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See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Borodinsky

ClC-7 requires Ostm1 as a -subunit to support bone resorption and lysosomal function p220

Philipp F. Lange, Lena Wartosch, Thomas J. Jentsch and Jens C. Fuhrmann

doi:10.1038/nature04535

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Flagellar motility is required for the viability of the bloodstream trypanosome p224

Richard Broadhead, Helen R. Dawe, Helen Farr, Samantha Griffiths, Sarah R. Hart, Neil Portman, Michael K. Shaw, Michael L. Ginger, Simon J. Gaskell, Paul G. McKean and Keith Gull

doi:10.1038/nature04541

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Cryopyrin activates the inflammasome in response to toxins and ATP p228

Sanjeev Mariathasan, David S. Weiss, Kim Newton, Jacqueline McBride, Karen O'Rourke, Meron Roose-Girma, Wyne P. Lee, Yvette Weinrauch, Denise M. Monack and Vishva M. Dixit

doi:10.1038/nature04515

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Bacterial RNA and small antiviral compounds activate caspase-1 through cryopyrin/Nalp3 p233

Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti, Nesrin Özören, Mathilde Body-Malapel, Amal Amer, Jong-Hwan Park, Luigi Franchi, Joel Whitfield, Winfried Barchet, Marco Colonna, Peter Vandenabeele, John Bertin, Anthony Coyle, Ethan P. Grant, Shizuo Akira and Gabriel Núñez

doi:10.1038/nature04517

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Gout-associated uric acid crystals activate the NALP3 inflammasome p237

Fabio Martinon, Virginie Pétrilli, Annick Mayor, Aubry Tardivel and Jürg Tschopp

doi:10.1038/nature04516

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Expression profiling in primates reveals a rapid evolution of human transcription factors p242

Yoav Gilad, Alicia Oshlack, Gordon K. Smyth, Terence P. Speed and Kevin P. White

doi:10.1038/nature04559

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See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Nielsen

Nanospring behaviour of ankyrin repeats p246

Gwangrog Lee, Khadar Abdi, Yong Jiang, Peter Michaely, Vann Bennett and Piotr E. Marszalek

doi:10.1038/nature04437

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Naturejobs

Selling ourselves p251

Practice makes pitch perfect

Paul Smaglik

doi:10.1038/nj7081-251a

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Suzanne Fortier, president, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada p252

After a career in university administration, chemist now leads one of Canada's main research funding agencies.

Hannah Hoag

doi:10.1038/nj7081-252a

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Actors as teachers p252

Training programme employs actors to teach communication and management skills.

Jade McCutcheon & John Galland

doi:10.1038/nj7081-252b

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Tropical PhD p252

Looking ahead to graduation and leaving an island paradise.

Andreas Andersson

doi:10.1038/nj7081-252c

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Futures

The punishment fits the crime p254

Everything's going to be all right.

David Berreby

doi:10.1038/440254a

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