Abstract
Localization of β-actin messenger RNA to sites of active actin polymerization modulates cell migration during embryogenesis, differentiation and possibly carcinogenesis1,2,3,4,5. This localization requires the oncofetal protein ZBP1 (Zipcode binding protein 1), which binds to a conserved 54-nucleotide element in the 3′-untranslated region of the β-actin mRNA known as the ‘zipcode’. ZBP1 promotes translocation of the β-actin transcript to actin-rich protrusions in primary fibroblasts and neurons6,7. It is not known how the ZBP1–RNA complex achieves asymmetric protein sorting by localizing β-actin mRNA. Here we show that chicken ZBP1 modulates the translation of β-actin mRNA. ZBP1 associates with the β-actin transcript in the nucleus and prevents premature translation in the cytoplasm by blocking translation initiation. Translation only occurs when the ZBP1–RNA complex reaches its destination at the periphery of the cell. At the endpoint of mRNA transport, the protein kinase Src promotes translation by phosphorylating a key tyrosine residue in ZBP1 that is required for binding to RNA. These sequential events provide both temporal and spatial control over β-actin mRNA translation, which is important for cell migration and neurite outgrowth.
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Acknowledgements
We thank A. and D. Ostareck-Lederer for providing Src plasmids and for helpful discussions. We also thank S. Shenoy for help with microscopy and image processing. This research was supported by NIH grants to R.H.S., G.J.B. and J.C., a DOE grant to R.H.S., and by a BMBF (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung) grant to S.H. Author Contributions All of the work in the manuscript was done by S.H., with help from D.Z., X.M. and M. Lederer in the Singer laboratory, and most recently the Hüttelmaier laboratory, except for the work with primary neurons (Fig. 3i–k; J.D. and G.J.B.) and the FRET studies (Fig. 3a–e and Supplementary Fig. S7a–f; M. Lorenz and J.C.).
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Hüttelmaier, S., Zenklusen, D., Lederer, M. et al. Spatial regulation of β-actin translation by Src-dependent phosphorylation of ZBP1. Nature 438, 512–515 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04115
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04115
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