1. School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
2. Astronomy Department, Harvard University, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA

Correspondence to: J. Stuart B. Wyithe¹Abraham Loeb² Email: swyithe@isis.ph.unimelb.edu.au
Email: aloeb@cfa.harvard.edu

Abstract

The first galaxies to appear in the Universe at redshifts z > 20 created ionized bubbles in the intergalactic medium of neutral hydrogen left over from the Big Bang. The ionized bubbles grew with time, surrounding clusters of dwarf galaxies^{1, 2} and eventually overlapped quickly throughout the Universe over a narrow redshift interval near z 6. This event signalled the end of the reionization epoch when the Universe was a billion years old. Measuring the size distribution of the bubbles at their final overlap phase is a focus of forthcoming programmes to observe highly redshifted radio emission from atomic hydrogen. Here we show that the combined constraints of cosmic variance and light travel time imply an observed bubble size at the end of the overlap epoch of 10 physical Mpc, and a scatter in the observed redshift of overlap along different lines-of-sight of 0.15. This scatter is consistent with observational constraints from recent spectroscopic data on the farthest known quasars. This implies that future radio experiments should be tuned to a characteristic angular scale of 0.5 degrees and have a minimum frequency bandwidth of 8 MHz for an optimal detection of 21-cm flux fluctuations near the end of reionization.

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