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Nature 412, 510-514 (2 August 2001) | doi:10.1038/35087518; Received 13 February 2001; Accepted 5 June 2001

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Evidence for ubiquitous strong electron–phonon coupling in high-temperature superconductors

A. Lanzara1,2, P. V. Bogdanov1, X. J. Zhou1, S. A. Kellar1, D. L. Feng1, E. D. Lu2, T. Yoshida3, H. Eisaki1, A. Fujimori3, K. Kishio4, J.-I. Shimoyama4, T. Noda5, S. Uchida5, Z. Hussain2 & Z.-X. Shen1

  1. Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
  2. Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
  3. Department of Physics; and
  4. Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
  5. Department of Superconductivity, University of Tokyo, Yayoi 2-11-16, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 133, Japan

Correspondence to: Z.-X. Shen1 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to: Z.-X.S. (e-mail: Email: zxshen@stanford.edu).

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Coupling between electrons and phonons (lattice vibrations) drives the formation of the electron pairs responsible for conventional superconductivity1. The lack of direct evidence for electron–phonon coupling in the electron dynamics of the high-transition-temperature superconductors has driven an intensive search for an alternative mechanism. A coupling of an electron with a phonon would result in an abrupt change of its velocity and scattering rate near the phonon energy. Here we use angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy to probe electron dynamics—velocity and scattering rate—for three different families of copper oxide superconductors. We see in all of these materials an abrupt change of electron velocity at 50–80 meV, which we cannot explain by any known process other than to invoke coupling with the phonons associated with the movement of the oxygen atoms. This suggests that electron–phonon coupling strongly influences the electron dynamics in the high-temperature superconductors, and must therefore be included in any microscopic theory of superconductivity.

  1. Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
  2. Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
  3. Department of Physics; and
  4. Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
  5. Department of Superconductivity, University of Tokyo, Yayoi 2-11-16, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 133, Japan

Correspondence to: Z.-X. Shen1 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to: Z.-X.S. (e-mail: Email: zxshen@stanford.edu).