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Nature 408, 816-820 (14 December 2000) | doi:10.1038/35048500; Received 20 October 2000; Accepted 15 November 2000

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letters to nature Sequence and analysis of chromosome 1 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana

Athanasios Theologis1,2, Joseph R. Ecker1,3,4, Curtis J. Palm5, Nancy A. Federspiel4,5, Samir Kaul6, Owen White6, Jose Alonso3, Hootan Altafi5, Rina Araujo5, Cheryl L. Bowman6, Shelise Y. Brooks3, Eugen Buehler3, April Chan2, Qimin Chao3, Huaming Chen3, Rosa F. Cheuk3, Christina W. Chin2, Mike K. Chung2, Lane Conn4,5, Aaron B. Conway5, Andrew R. Conway5, Todd H. Creasy6, Ken Dewar3, Patrick Dunn3, Pelin Etgu2, Tamara V. Feldblyum6, JiDong Feng3, Betty Fong2, Claire Y. Fujii6, John E. Gill6, Andrew D. Goldsmith2, Brian Haas6, Nancy F. Hansen5, Beth Hughes2, Lucas Huizar5, Jonathan L. Hunter3, Jennifer Jenkins6, Chanda Johnson-Hopson3, Shehnaz Khan3, Elizabeth Khaykin3, Christopher J. Kim3, Hean L. Koo6, Irina Kremenetskaia2, David B. Kurtz5, Andrea Kwan2, Bao Lam5, Stephanie Langin-Hooper3, Andrew Lee3, Jeong M. Lee2, Catherine A. Lenz2, Joycelyn. H. Li2, YaPing Li3, Xiaoying Lin6, Shirley X. Liu2, Zhaoying A. Liu2, Jason S. Luros2, Rama Maiti6, Andre Marziali4,5, Jennifer Militscher6, Molly Miranda5, Michelle Nguyen5, William C. Nierman6, Brian I. Osborne2, Grace Pai6, Jeremy Peterson6, Paul K. Pham2, Michael Rizzo6, Timothy Rooney6, Don Rowley5, Hitomi Sakano2, Steven L. Salzberg6, Jody R. Schwartz2, Paul Shinn3, Audrey M. Southwick5, Hui Sun3, Luke J. Tallon6, Gabriel Tambunga3, Mitsue J. Toriumi2, Christopher D. Town6, Teresa Utterback6, Susan Van Aken6, Maria Vaysberg2, Valentina S. Vysotskaia2,4, Michelle Walker3, Dongying Wu6, Guixia Yu2, Claire M. Fraser6, J. Craig Venter4,6 & Ronald W. Davis5

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The genome of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana has five chromosomes1, 2. Here we report the sequence of the largest, chromosome 1, in two contigs of around 14.2 and 14.6 megabases. The contigs extend from the telomeres to the centromeric borders, regions rich in transposons, retrotransposons and repetitive elements such as the 180-base-pair repeat. The chromosome represents 25% of the genome and contains about 6,850 open reading frames, 236 transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and 12 small nuclear RNAs. There are two clusters of tRNA genes at different places on the chromosome. One consists of 27 tRNAPro genes and the other contains 27 tandem repeats of tRNATyr-tRNATyr-tRNASergenes. Chromosome 1 contains about 300 gene families with clustered duplications. There are also many repeat elements, representing 8% of the sequence.