1. Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry and Institute of Psychiatry, 103 Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AZ, UK
2. Applied Psychology Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 2EF, UK
3. Neuroimaging Unit, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
4. Brain Image Analysis Unit, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
5. Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
6. School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JU, UK

Correspondence to: M. L. Phillips¹ Correspondence and requests for materials to M.L.P. (e-mail: Email: spmamlp@iop.bpmf.ac.uk).

Abstract

Recognition of facial expressions is critical to our appreciation of the social and physical environment, with separate emotions having distinct facial expressions¹. Perception of fearful facial expressions has been extensively studied, appearing to depend upon the amygdala^{2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Disgust — literally 'bad taste' — is another important emotion, with a distinct evolutionary history⁷, and is conveyed by a characteristic facial expression^{8, 9, 10}. We have used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the neural substrate for perceiving disgust expressions. Normal volunteers were presented with faces showing mild or strong disgust or fear. Cerebral activation in response to these stimuli was contrasted with that for neutral faces. Results for fear generally confirmed previous positron emission tomography findings of amygdala involvement. Both strong and mild expressions of disgust activated anterior insular cortex but not the amygdala; strong disgust also activated structures linked to a limbic cortico–striatal–thalamic circuit. The anterior insula is known to be involved in responses to offensive tastes. The neural response to facial expressions of disgust in others is thus closely related to appraisal of distasteful stimuli.