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Formation of olfactory memories mediated by nitric oxide

Abstract

Sheep learn to recognize the odours of their lambs within two hours of giving birth, and this learning involves synaptic changes within the olfactory bulb1,2. Specifically, mitral cells become increasingly responsive to the learned odour, which stimulates release of both glutamate and GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) neurotransmitters from the reciprocal synapses between the excitatory mitral cells and inhibitory granule cells1. Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in synaptic plasticity in other regions of the brain as a result of its modulation of cyclic GMP levels3,4,5,6,7. Here we investigate the possible role of NO in olfactory learning. We find that the neuronal enzyme nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is expressed in both mitral and granule cells, whereas the guanylyl cyclase subunits that are required for NO stimulation of cGMP formation8 are expressed only in mitral cells. Immediately after birth, glutamate levels rise, inducing formation of NO and cGMP, which potentiate glutamate release at the mitral-to-granule cell synapses. Inhibition of nNOS or guanylyl cyclase activity prevents both the potentiation of glutamate release and formation of the olfactory memory. The effects of nNOS inhibition can be reversed by infusion of NO into the olfactory bulb. Once memory has formed, however, inhibition of nNOS or guanylyl cyclase activity cannot impair either its recall or the neurochemical release evoked by the learned lamb odour. Nitric oxide therefore seems to act as a retrograde and/or intracellular messenger, being released from both mitral and granule cells to potentiate glutamate release from mitral cells by modulating cGMP contentrations. We propose that the resulting changes in the functional circuitry of the olfactory bulb underlie the formation of olfactory memories.

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Figure 1: a, Photomicrographs of nNOS protein expression in olfactory bulb (OB) mitral (top arrow in top panel) and granule (bottom arrow in top panel) cells, and emulsion autoradiography (bottom two panels) showing the mitral cell layer (arrow) expressing mRNA for the α1 and β1 subunits of guanylyl cyclase.
Figure 2: Glutamate, GABA, noradrenaline, citrulline, nitrite and cGMP levels before, during, and after birth in control animals (dotted line), and in DGG (500 μM; dashed line)- and ODQ (200 μM solid line)-treated animals.
Figure 3: Glutamate, GABA, noradrenaline, citrulline, nitrite and cGMP levels before, during, and after birth in control D-NARG (500 μM solid line)- and L-NARG (500μM dashed line)-treated animals.
Figure 4: a, The effects of drug infusions in the olfactory bulb on acceptance (low-pitch bleating and suckling) and rejection behaviour (butting), as shown by maternal ewes towards their own (white bars) and strange (black bars) lambs.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (S.O.) and by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Technologia y Direccion General del Personal Academico (R.G.)

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Correspondence to K. M. Kendrick.

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Kendrick, K., Guevara-Guzman, R., Zorrilla, J. et al. Formation of olfactory memories mediated by nitric oxide. Nature 388, 670–674 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1038/41765

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