Abstract
We report a case of Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection of the nasopharynx associated with a dense CD4+, CD56+ T-cell infiltrate that simulated lymphoma on clinical, histologic, and immunophenotypic grounds. Histologic examination showed a tumorlike lymphoid infiltrate with extensive necrosis. Multinucleated giant cells with “ground-glass” nuclei characteristic of HSV were observed in necrotic areas but were not prominent. Immunohistochemical studies of the lymphoid infiltrate revealed a predominance of T cells, positive for CD3, CD4, CD5, and CD56. Immunohistochemical staining with HSV antibody was focally positive in the multinucleated giant cells. Molecular studies using PCR and Southern blot were positive for HSV Type II. PCR studies for T-cell receptor gamma and immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangements showed no evidence of a clonal population. In situ hybridization studies for Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) were negative. The clinical presentation of a large fungating mass, the extent of the lymphoid infiltrate, and the expression of CD56 all raised the possibility of a nasal NK/T cell lymphoma. However, the presence of HSV, lack of angioinvasion and angiodestruction, absence of EBV, and polyclonal T-cell nature of the infiltrate argued against this diagnosis. Although prior studies have not fully characterized the immunophenotypic features of the lymphocyte response to HSV in infected tissues, we postulate that the CD56+, CD4+ T-cell reaction represents a florid antiviral immune response.
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INTRODUCTION
Herpes simplex virus Type I (HSV I) and Type II (HSV II) both can cause acute pharyngitis characterized by vesicles and shallow ulcers (1). Infections of the pharynx usually result in exudative lesions of the posterior pharynx, in tonsillar pillars, or both (2). Chronic herpetic lesions can occur in immunocompromised patients and are characterized by progressively large, shallow, painful ulcers (1). However, large tumorlike mass lesions causing nasopharyngeal obstruction in association with HSV have not been previously reported. We describe a patient who presented with a nasopharyngeal mass exhibiting a dense lymphoid infiltrate with extensive necrosis associated with Herpes simplex infection. The clinical and histologic features were suspicious for malignant lymphoma, and the presence of strong CD56 expression on most of the infiltrating cells further raised the possibility of lymphoma. However, further immunophenotypic and molecular studies disclosed the reactive nature of the process.
CASE REPORT
A 25-year-old female presented to her otolaryngologist physician with nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, and persistent otitis media of 3 months duration but no symptoms of weight loss, fever, or night sweats. There was no history of underlying immunodeficiency. Physical examination revealed a large fungating cerebriform mass in the nasopharynx extending into the posterior oropharynx. There was no evidence of mucocutaneous lesions or significant lymphadenopathy. Laboratory findings revealed a white blood cell count of 8.9 × 109 L, Hgb of 135g/L, HCT of 41.3%, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 35 mm/hours. Serologic studies for HIV and VDRL were negative, but studies were not performed for HSV. CT scan revealed a large fungating mass completely obliterating the nasopharynx and partially impinging on the oropharynx. The mass was approximately 5 cm in size, homogenous in enhancement with scattered areas of decreased attenuation. Because of the size of the mass, a clinical diagnosis of lymphoma was made, and the patient was referred to an oncologist. Staging for other sites of disease, including CT scan and bone marrow biopsy, were negative. Debulking with near-complete excision was performed to remove the mass and reestablish the nasopharynx, airway, and Eustachian tube patency. After excision the patient's symptoms abided, with clearing of her otitis media and rhinorrhea. The patient received no other treatment, and follow-up physical examination showed no recurrence of the lesion, except for a small adenoid-type vegetation on the roof of the nasopharynx. The patient is in apparently good health 2 years after initial presentation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks and H&E–stained slides of the nasopharyngeal biopsy were received in consultation from The Westerly Hospital, Westerly, Rhode Island.
Immunohistochemistry
Paraffin immunohistochemical stains were performed on an automated immunostainer (Ventana Medical System; Tucson, AZ), according to the manufacturer's instructions as previously described (3), using antibodies to L26 (CD20), CD3, CD8 myeloperoxidase, kappa, lambda, HSV (Dako; Carpinteria, CA), CD56, CD4, CD5 (Novocastra; Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom), CD57 (Becton Dickinson; San Jose, CA), TIA-1 (Coulter; Hialeah, FL), granzyme B (Monosan, Cell Sciences, Inc.; Norwood, MA), and MIB-1 (Immunotech; Marseille, France). In situ hybridization studies for EBV early RNA (EBER-1) were performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections as previously described (4).
Molecular Studies
Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain and TCRγ Chain Gene Rearrangement
Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples were sectioned onto charged slides, deparaffinized with xylene, and hydrated through a series of ethanol: water solutions, before removal from the slides with a single-edge razor blade. The tissues were placed in 0.5-mL PCR tubes, mixed with 20 μL of Gene Releaser resin (Bioventures, Inc, Murfreesboro, TN), and layered with mineral oil. The resin–tissue mixtures were then preincubated in a PE 480 thermocycler (Perkin Elmer Cetus) according to the Gene Releaser protocol, before the addition of the specific PCR master mixes. To asses clonality, consensus primers to the joining region (JHα) and to the conserved framework three segment of the variable region (CDR FR3) of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene as well as consensus primers that recognize conserved sequences in the junctional region (Jγ12 and Jp12) and framework determinants of the variable region (Vγ101 and Vγ11) of the T-cell receptor γ chain gene were used, as previously described (5).
HSV and CMV
DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue using standard phenol–chloroform methods. The purified DNA was used for HSV and cytomegalovirus (CMV) assay by PCR and Southern blot. One pair of oligonucleotide primers (5′-[biotin]-TGC TTG AAG CGG TCG GCG GCG-3′ and 5′-GGA CGA CCA CGA GAC CGA CAT GG-3′) for HSV-1 and HSV-2 producing a 288-bp product from HSV glycoprotein B gene from either virus was used. Oligonucleotide primers (5′-[biotin]-CGC TCG CTG CTC TGC GTC CAG ACG GG-3′ and 5′-CCG CCG ACG GGA CCA CCG TGA CG-3′) producing a 209-bp product from CMV glycoprotein B gene were used. To assess for the presence of PCR inhibition, an internal control (IC) for HSV and CMV were constructed as described previously (6) and included in each reaction, which allowed co-amplification of both the IC and the targeted viral DNA with the virus-specific primer pair. The length of the IC product was 40 bp longer than the target product to avoid preferential amplification of the IC. For each amplification reaction, a 10-μL aliquot of the extracted sample was amplified in a total reaction volume of 25 μL. HSV or CMV primers (Midland Certified Reagent Co., Midland, TX) were added to obtain a final concentration of 0.5 μm, and 200 copies of either the HSV-specific or CMV-specific IC was added to each appropriate reaction. In addition, isopsoralen compound 10 (IP-10; Cerus Corp., Concord, CA) was added at a final concentration of 25 μg/mL to prevent amplicon carryover contamination (7). The reaction tubes were incubated in a thermal cycler (GeneAmp PCR System 9600; Perkin-Elmer Corp., Norwalk, CT) and after an initial denaturation period of 5 minutes at 94° C, a two-step program—consisting of 94° C for 30 s and 72° C for 2 minutes for a total of 38 cycles and concluding with a final extension period of 5 minutes at 72° C—was used for both the HSV and CMV amplification.
Detection of HSV PCR Products
HSV-1– and HSV-2–specific oligonucleotide probes [HSV-1: 5′-[eu]-TGA AAC CGG CCA ACG CCG CGA-3′, HSV-2: 5′[eu]-TCA AGC CGG CGA AGG TCG CCA-3′ (Midland Certified Reagent Co.)] were labeled with digoxigenin (DIG)-11-dUTP by using the digoxigenin oligonucleotide tailing kit (Boehringer Mannheim, Meylan, France) according to the manufacturer's instructions. A 5-μL aliquot from each PCR reaction was electrophoresed on a 2% agarose gel containing 0.1 μg of ethidium bromide per mL, and bands were visualized by UV transillumination. Amplified DNA was then transferred from the agarose gel to a positively charged nylon membrane (Hybond-N+; Amersham Life Science, Les Ulis, France) by the method of Southern (8). Using the DIG wash and block buffer set (Boehringer Mannheim), the membrane was prehybridized for 1 hour at 50° C in hybridization buffer containing 5 × SSC, 0.1% (wt/vol) N-lauroylsarcosine, 0.02% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 0.1 mg poly(A) solution per mL, and 1% concentration of the blocking solution. Hybridization was performed at 50° C for 2 hours in the same buffer, with 1 pmol/mL of HSV-2–specific DIG-labeled probe. The membrane was washed twice, for 5 minutes each time, in 2 × SSC with 0.1% SDS at 50° C and twice, for 5 minutes each time, in 0.1 × SSC with 0.1% SDS at 50° C. After rinsing briefly in 1 × washing buffer, the membrane was incubated for 30 minutes in 1 × maleic acid buffer with a 1% concentration of the blocking solution and then washed twice, for 15 minutes each time, in 1 × washing buffer. Bound DIG-labeled probe was detected by using a digoxigenin luminescent detection kit (Boehringer Mannheim) according to the manufacturer's instructions. An autoradiograph of the membrane was produced, using it to expose X-Omat AR film (Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY) for 10 to 30 minutes. The DIG-labeled HSV-2–specific probe was then stripped from the membrane by washing twice, for 10 minutes each time, in 0.4 N NaOH with 0.1% SDS and then rinsing in 2 × SSC. The HSV-1–specific DIG-labeled probe was then hybridized to the membrane and an autoradiograph made as stated above.
RESULTS
Histology and Immunohistochemistry
Sections of the nasopharyngeal biopsy revealed an extensive, dense lymphoid infiltrate with infiltration of submucosal glands. The lymphoid cells were uniform, predominantly composed of small lymphocytes with few scattered plasma cells and histiocytes. The majority of the lymphocytes were small in size, had scant cytoplasm and round nuclear contours with clumped chromatin, and did not show significant cytological atypia (Fig. 1B). Occasional larger atypical cells with prominent nucleoli were present but were not conspicuous, and mitotic figures were rare to absent. Germinal centers were not identified. There were extensive areas of zonal necrosis. However, vascular invasion and destruction and granulomas were not observed. Within the areas of necrosis, multinucleated giant cells with “ground-glass” nuclei characteristic of Herpes simplex viral intranuclear inclusions were noted (Fig. 1A). Immunohistochemical stain using antibody to HSV was focally positive in the multinucleated giant cells within the necrotic areas (Fig. 2B). Immunohistochemical analysis showed the lymphoid cells to be predominantly T cells, positive for CD3, CD5, and CD56. CD4-positive cells exceeded CD8-positive cells (Fig. 2C-F). The infiltrates showed a high proliferative rate demonstrated by MIB-1 staining (>75% of the cells positive; Fig. 2G). There were scattered TIA-1–positive and granzyme B-positive cells, whereas stains for CD57 and myeloperoxidase were negative. Admixed CD20 (L26)–positive B cells were present.
Molecular and In Situ Hybridization Studies
PCR studies for immunoglobulin heavy chain gene and T-cell receptor gamma gene rearrangements did not reveal a clonal T or B-cell population (data not shown). Agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR amplification for HSV and CMV are shown in Figure 3A. The patient's sample was positive for the 288-bp HSV amplification product (Lanes 6–7). This amplified DNA gave a strong signal with the DIG-labeled HSV-2 probe (Fig. 3B; Lanes 6–7) and no signal for the DIG-labeled HSV-1 probe (Fig. 3C; Lanes 6–7). The patient's sample was negative for the 209-bp CMV amplification product, and only the 249-bp IC product amplified (Fig. 3A; Lanes 8–9). These results confirmed the presence of only HSV-2 DNA in the extracted patient sample. In situ hybridization for Epstein-Barr virus was negative, with an adequate U6 control for RNA integrity.
DISCUSSION
HSV infection can cause ulcerations and extensive necrosis of oropharynx (9) and tonsil (10). However, the clinical presentation of a large obstructive nasopharyngeal mass associated with HSV infection has not been previously described. In a report of six patients with Herpes zoster polyneuritis of the head and neck, three patients were reported to have clinical and radiographic evidence of mass in the nasopharyngeal region (11). Although biopsies were reported to have ruled out malignancies, there was no detailed clinicopathologic description of the mass, except in one patient, in whom a right parapharyngeal mass with microscopic findings of nonspecific lymphocytic infiltration of submucosal tissue was reported.
In the current case, the size and obstructive nature of the mass led to a clinical impression of lymphoma, and the preliminary pathologic diagnosis was lymphoma. Histologically, the lesion was worrisome because of the extensive tissue necrosis and dense lymphoid infiltrate. Immunohistochemical and molecular studies were performed and showed a predominantly T-cell population, CD3+, CD5+, CD4+, and CD56+, with a brisk proliferative rate raising the differential diagnosis of extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type. Although the lymphocytes were positive for CD56, angioinvasion and angiodestruction were not observed. In addition, the cells appeared to have a T-cell, rather than NK-cell, phenotype, expressing CD4 and CD5 in addition to CD3. Finally, the absence of EBV argued against a diagnosis of extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma. CD56 positivity also has been reported in T-cell lymphomas, most commonly of gamma delta T-cell origin (12, 13). However, in this patient, PCR studies for clonal T-cell receptor rearrangement were negative and follow-up at 2 years after initial biopsy showed no evidence of recurrence.
The observation of multinucleated cells with intranuclear inclusions in the setting of extensive necrosis led to a suspicion of HSV infection. Subsequent studies for HSV, including immunohistochemistry and PCR, confirmed the presence of HSV in the multinucleated giant cells. The extensive necrotizing inflammation associated with Herpes simplex Type II and lack of clonal T-cell receptor gene rearrangement point toward a reactive T-cell proliferation rather than peripheral T-cell lymphoma.
CD56 is an adhesion molecule that is expressed on cells of the central nervous system, most NK cells, as well as a subpopulation of cytotoxic T-cells (12) and has neither disease nor lineage specificity (13). The distribution of CD56-positive cells appeared to coincide with staining for CD3 and CD4, although double staining was not performed. The co-expression of CD3, CD4, CD5, and CD56 favors a T-cell rather than NK-cell derivation for these cells. Only a small proportion of CD4+ CD56+ cytotoxic T cells can be detected in peripheral blood, although they have been noted with greater frequency in the liver (14). In addition, patients chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) were found to have an intrahepatic accumulation of CD4+CD56+ T cells that were not detected in the peripheral blood of the same patients. This observation suggests that viral infections including HBV and HSV may promote the expansion of CD4+, CD56+ T cells in the target organ (15).
Cell-mediated immunity by CD4+ T cells that recognize HSV has been shown to be important in the resolution of primary HSV infection (16). The predominance of a CD4+ T-cell response has been related to the capacity of the virus to down-regulate MHC Class I expression to escape CD8+ T-cell surveillance (17). In addition, the responding CD4+ T-cells can function as cytotoxic T cells, using the granule exocytosis pathway common to NK cells (18, 19, 20). However, the expression of CD56+ on these cells has not been reported. It is of interest that both TIA-1 and granzyme B were largely negative on the infiltrating lymphoid cells. To investigate whether CD4+, CD56+ T cells could be readily detected in acute herpetic infections, we retrospectively analyzed one liver and two skin biopsies. However, these lesions showed mostly necrosis with only a scant lymphoid infiltrate and were negative for CD4+, CD56+ cells. A prior report documented the predominance of a CD4+ T-cell response in the early stages of herpes infection in the skin, but immunohistochemical studies for CD56 were not performed (21).
The lymphoid response to HSV infection has been described most often in the context of herpetic lymphadenitis (22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28). In addition, herpetic lymphadenitis is more commonly seen in patients with compromised immunity (27, 28). Although these reports describe the histopathologic findings in lymph nodes, detailed immunohistochemical studies have not been performed. In addition, lymphoid proliferations of tumor-like proportions are rare. The protracted, 3-month duration of the herpetic infection in our patient most likely contributed to the marked CD4+, CD56+ T-cell expansion as an antiviral immune response.
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We thank Cindy Harris and Mann Youn Leong Son for excellent immunohistochemical technical support.
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Taddesse-Heath, L., Feldman, J., Fahle, G. et al. Florid CD4+, CD56+ T-Cell Infiltrate Associated with Herpes Simplex Infection Simulating Nasal NK-/T-Cell Lymphoma. Mod Pathol 16, 166–172 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1097/01.MP.0000051680.14007.D7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.MP.0000051680.14007.D7
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