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Caenorhabditis elegans has long been a model organism of choice for many. The transparent worm is small, relatively easy to culture and manipulate in the lab, and its biology has been well documented over the years. Technological advances are now upping the throughput possible for work with the worm, and deep phenotyping approaches with large cohorts are helping researchers better understand how different phenotypes in C. elegans come to be.
These 3D structures derived from human cells can be an improvement over simple cell lines, but organoids can still lack important physiological cues for development. Finding the right in vivo environment can take things a step further.
The mammalian gut microbiota confers colonization resistance against pathogenic bacteria. Specific pathogen-free C57BL/6 mice from different vendors are variably resistant to oral non-typhoidal Salmonella infection. New work shows that differences in endogenous Enterobacteriaceae determine this phenotypic variability.
Deep phenotyping can reveal how genetics, environment and stochasticity affect the development, physiology and behavior of an organism. In this Review, Dhaval S. Patel, Nan Xu and Hang Lu outline the technological and analytical developments that have enabled deep-phenotyping studies in Caenorhabditis elegans.