1. ^aInternational Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
2. ^bMcLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Correspondence: Dr. Martine Vrijheid, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert-Thomas, Cedex 08, 69372 Lyon, France. Tel.: +33+4 72 73 80 45; Fax: +33+4 72 73 80 54; E-mail: vrijheid@iarc.fr

Received 18 October 2005; Accepted 5 May 2006; Published online 14 June 2006.

Abstract

This paper examines the effects of systematic and random errors in recall and of selection bias in case–control studies of mobile phone use and cancer. These sensitivity analyses are based on Monte–Carlo computer simulations and were carried out within the INTERPHONE Study, an international collaborative case–control study in 13 countries. Recall error scenarios simulated plausible values of random and systematic, non-differential and differential recall errors in amount of mobile phone use reported by study subjects. Plausible values for the recall error were obtained from validation studies. Selection bias scenarios assumed varying selection probabilities for cases and controls, mobile phone users, and non-users. Where possible these selection probabilities were based on existing information from non-respondents in INTERPHONE. Simulations used exposure distributions based on existing INTERPHONE data and assumed varying levels of the true risk of brain cancer related to mobile phone use. Results suggest that random recall errors of plausible levels can lead to a large underestimation in the risk of brain cancer associated with mobile phone use. Random errors were found to have larger impact than plausible systematic errors. Differential errors in recall had very little additional impact in the presence of large random errors. Selection bias resulting from underselection of unexposed controls led to J-shaped exposure–response patterns, with risk apparently decreasing at low to moderate exposure levels. The present results, in conjunction with those of the validation studies conducted within the INTERPHONE study, will play an important role in the interpretation of existing and future case–control studies of mobile phone use and cancer risk, including the INTERPHONE study.