Figure 4 - Latency of cortical responses to painful esophageal stimuli based on neuroanatomy and gender.

This demonstrates early activation in the somatosensory cortex (S1, S2) and posterior insula and delayed activation in the anterior insula and cingulate. ^*p =.0001. There was a significant decrease in P1 latency from the mid-cingulate when compared to the two other cingulate regions when male and female data were pooled. #p =.04. (Source: Hobson et al.,⁴¹ with permission from American Gastroenterological Association.)