Table 1 - Classification of secondary causes of achalasia
From the following article
Pathophysiology of achalasia and diffuse esophageal spasm
Ikuo Hirano
GI Motility online (2006)
doi:10.1038/gimo22
| Achalasia |
| Allgrove's syndrome (AAA syndrome)10, 36 |
| Hereditary cerebellar ataxia37 |
| Familial achalasia38 |
| Sjögren's syndrome39 |
| Sarcoidosis40 |
| Postvagotomy41 |
| Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type II11 |
| Achalasia with generalized motility disorder |
| Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) IIb (Sipple's syndrome)12, 42 |
| Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's Disease)13 |
| Chagas' disease (Trypanosoma cruzi) |
| Paraneoplastic syndrome (Anti-Hu antibody)17, 18 |
| Parkinson's disease8 |
| Amyloidosis43, 44 |
| Eosinophilic gastroenteritis45, 46 |
| Fabry's disease47 |
| Down syndrome |
| Hereditary cerebellar ataxia37 |
| Achalasia with associated Hirschsprung's disease15 |
| Hereditary hollow visceral myopathy16 |
| Achalasia associated with cancer. (Cancer-associated achalasia may be due to local invasion of the esophageal myenteric plexus or as a part of a paraneoplastic syndrome.) |
| Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus |
| Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus |
| Gastric adenocarcinoma |
| Lung carcinoma |
| Leiomyoma |
| Lymphoma |
| Breast adenocarcinoma |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma |
| Reticulum cell sarcoma |
| Lymphangioma |
| Metastatic renal cell carcinoma |
| Mesothelioma |
| Metastatic prostate carcinoma |
| Pancreatic adenocarcinoma |
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