Table 2 - Pharmacologic agents known to inhibit transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations
From the following article
Sphincter mechanisms at the lower end of the esophagus
Ravinder K. Mittal and Raj K. Goyal
GI Motility online (2006)
doi:10.1038/gimo14
| Atropine: site of action at the level of the brainstem |
| Baclofen: acts as a GABA-B receptor antagonist; multiple sites of action: inhibits afferent signals from gastric distention, reduces the threshold of the pattern generator in the brainstem, and inhibits the motor neuron in the myenteric plexus |
| Cannabinoid receptor agonists: works at the central level (pattern generator in the brainstem) via CR1 receptors |
| Cholecystokinin A receptor antagonist |
| Metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist: reduces gastric distention-mediated afferent signals in the vagus nerve |
| Morphine: effects blocked by naloxone, suggesting involvement of mu receptors |
| Nitric oxide antagonist: site of action brainstem (central pattern generator) and the efferent motor neuron in the myenteric plexus |
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