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Does the association between smoking status and selected healthy foods depend on gender? A population-based study of 54 417 middle-aged Danes

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition volume 56, pages 57–63 (2002)Cite this article

Abstract

Objective: Smoking serves different functions for men and women. Thus, we wanted to investigate the association between smoking behaviour and intakes of selected healthy foods in men and women with special focus on differences and similarities between the two genders.

Design: In 1993–1997, a random sample of 80 996 men and 79 729 women aged 50–64 y was invited to participate in the study ‘Diet, Cancer and Health’. In all, 27 179 men and 29 876 women attended a health examination and completed a 192-item food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The association between smoking status and low, median and high intakes of selected foods was examined among 25 821 men and 28 596 women.

Setting: The greater Copenhagen and Aarhus area, Denmark.

Results: For both men and women, smoking status group was associated with diet, such that increasing level of smoking status ranging from never smokers over ex-smokers to currently heavy smokers was associated with a lower intake of the healthy foods: fresh fruit, cooked vegetables, raw vegetables/salad, and olive oil. For wine, increasing level of smoking status category was associated with a higher fraction of abstainers and heavy drinkers. The difference between the extreme smoking status categories was larger than the difference between men and women within smoking status categories such that never smoking men in general had a higher intake of healthy foods than heavy smoking women. Correction for age, educational level, and body mass index (BMI) did not affect the results.

Conclusion: In this middle-aged population, intake of healthy foods were associated with smoking behaviour with a dose–response type of relationship. The overall pattern was similar for men and women.

Sponsorship: The Danish Cancer Society and The Danish National Board of Health.

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Acknowledgements

The study was supported by grants from The Danish Cancer Society and The Danish National Board of Health.

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Author notes

  1. M Osler and A Tjønneland: Guarantor: M Osler and A Tjønneland.

  2. M Osler, A Tjønneland, M Suntum, BL Thomsen, C Stripp, M Grønbæk and K Overvad: Contributors: M Osler, A Tjønneland, K Overvad, BL Thomsen and M Grønbæk formulated the idea for the present study. M Osler, A Tjønneland and BL Thomsen wrote the paper. M Suntum and C Stripp wrote some paragraphs in the present paper or earlier drafts. M Suntum and BL Thomsen were responsible for the data analysis. M Grønbæk and K Overvad commented on earlier drafts, and helped interpret the findings.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    M Osler

  2. Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark

    A Tjønneland, M Suntum, BL Thomsen, C Stripp & K Overvad

  3. Danish Epidemiology Science Centre at the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen, Denmark

    M Grønbæk

  4. Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

    K Overvad

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  1. M Osler
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Correspondence to A Tjønneland.

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Osler, M., Tjønneland, A., Suntum, M. et al. Does the association between smoking status and selected healthy foods depend on gender? A population-based study of 54 417 middle-aged Danes. Eur J Clin Nutr 56, 57–63 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601280

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