Anthropometric characteristics of older people in rural Malawi

Abstract

Background: Older people are becoming an increasingly important proportion of the populations of developing countries, yet little information exists on their nutritional status or social conditions.

Objective: To assess the nutritional status of older people in rural Malawi.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Setting: Lilongwe, Malawi.

Subjects: A total of 296 respondents (97 males and 199 females) aged from 55–94 y were studied.

Methods: Selected anthropometric measurements were taken by trained personnel. Among kyphotic respondents, height was estimated from armspan using regression equations derived from the non-kyphotic respondents. Body mass index (BMI) and corrected arm muscle area (CAMA) were computed using standard equations.

Results: The mean age of the respondents was 63.3 y and 68.9 y among females and males, respectively. Kyphosis was seen in 17.3% of all subjects and oedema in 4.1%. Nearly 90% of the subjects were involved in agricultural activities. Men were heavier and taller than women but women had larger MUACs and triceps skinfolds than males. The mean BMIs in kg/m² (±s.d.) were as follows: 19.7 (2.6) for men and 20.3 (3.0) for women. The prevalence of undernutrition, defined as BMI<18.5 kg/m², was 36.1% among males and 27.0% among females. In contrast, using MUAC (cut-offs 23 cm for males and 22 cm for females), 20.4% of the men and only 10% of the women were classified as malnourished.

Conclusion: The study demonstrated for the first time that undernutrition is a significant problem among older people in rural Malawi. It highlights the need to incorporate older people into existing and future nutrition and health programmes.

Sponsorship: The study was funded through a scholarship from the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the Research and Publications Committee of the University of Malawi, and Norvatis Foundation for Gerontological Research, Switzerland.