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A reduction in sea ice formation associated with weaker deep ocean convection during the Last Interglacial could have triggered an increase in Southern Ocean subsurface temperatures of 2–3 °C and thus potential basal melting of Antarctic ice shelves, according to climate model simulations.
The number of small bubbles at the ice-water interface in a perennially ice-covered lake varies in response to changes in ice thickness leading to seasonal variations in the backscatter detected by synthetic aperture radar, suggests 4-year observational time series from Lake Untersee, Antarctica.
The fire ban implemented during burning seasons in the Brazilian Amazon helped reduce the number of fires in 2019 but proved largely ineffective in 2020 and 2021, according to an analysis of observed fires activity and model simulations of expected fires in the absence of a ban over 2019–2021.
An extensive collapse of the south Scandinavian Caledonides is evident from large-scale folding and shear zones observed in the offshore basement of the North Sea Rift, using modern 3D broadband seismic data.
Methane emissions from agriculture and waste increased between 1990 and 2020 while fossil fuel emissions decreased until 2004 and subsequently stabilised, suggest isotopic observations of methane emissions and atmospheric chemistry modelling.
Assemblages of benthic macroalgae and crustose coralline algae observed at depths greater than 70 m off the Antarctic coast are estimated to potentially contribute between 0.9 and 2.8% of global macroalgae carbon fixation, suggest benthic surveys and primary production modelling.
Restricted rate of forest regeneration observed two years after the 2018 fires in boreal Fennoscandia coincides with higher concentrations of soil bacterial decomposers under increasing mean annual temperature, according to a survey of vegetation regrowth patterns in 49 conifers from Sweden.
The Isua Supercrustal Belt in Greenland hosts sedimentary rocks that were deposited 3.7 billion years ago in the forearc environment of an active convergent plate boundary, suggesting subduction-related plate tectonics in the Eoarchean, as indicated by geochemical data and tectonostratigraphic analyses of an 80-m drill core.
Urban industrial land expansion affects economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions to a large extent in developing regions but less in developed areas, according to an analysis combining machine learning and satellite-based data of ten countries from 2000 to 2019.
In the United States, green infrastructure may be less energy and carbon-intensive than gray infrastructure and generate substantial carbon credit revenue, accelerating water quality trading, according to an analysis of data on impaired waters, technologies, and life cycle accounting.
The rate of snow accumulation declined slightly until the early 19th century near Vostok Station in East Antarctica, but has since seen an unprecedented increase, according to a 2200 years surface mass balance reconstruction derived from three firn cores.
Large Arctic wildfires have caused around 21,000 excess deaths each year between 2001 and 2020, of which roughly 8000 occurred in countries outside the Arctic Council, suggest Earth model simulations.
Isotope and element geochemistry of lavas from the Philippine Sea Plate and west Pacific marginal basin reveal the boundaries between mantle domains and indicate the Zealandia-Antarctic domain is three times larger than previously believed.
A 2000 year-long sedimentary record of tsunami deposits along the Mexican subduction zone provides a proxy for earthquake occurrence and suggests a large event of magnitude 8 or greater occurred in the Guerrero seismic gap around AD 1300.
Marine heatwave assessments based on three different sea-surface-temperature products show significant spread in occurrence, duration and long-term trend in both coastal and open ocean settings in Asia and the Indo-Pacific, possibly due to differences in sensors, procedures, and sea ice treatments.
Evidence on environmental, socio-political, technological, and economic impacts of six land-based carbon dioxide removal options is especially rich for Europe with a global predominance of negative impacts, suggests a bibliometric analysis and systematic classification of 982 peer-reviewed articles.
Decreased availability of plant substrate can explain the decline in autotrophic respiration at constant temperature during the night, according to a simple respiration model with two carbohydrate pools.
The simultaneous occurrence of coastal heat waves and extreme sea levels increased during the period 1979-2017, particularly in the tropical region, and its likelihood is expected to increase 5-fold between 2025 and 2049 under a high emission scenario, according to climate reanalysis and future model projections.
A 3D stochastic declustering algorithm, applied to data from the dense seismic array at the Alto Tiberina Fault system, Italy, suggests the difference between earthquake size distributions of independent and triggered seismicity is not an artifact.
Icelandic volcanic systems showed increased and prolonged activity over the period 751 to 940, challenging the concept of a medieval quiet period, according to an analysis of cryptotephras, sulfur isotopes and heavy metals from seven Greenland ice cores.