Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Article
  • Published:

Using ChatGPT to predict the future of personalized medicine

The Pharmacogenomics Journal volume 23, pages 178–184 (2023)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

Personalized medicine is a novel frontier in health care that is based on each person’s unique genetic makeup. It represents an exciting opportunity to improve the future of individualized health care for all individuals. Pharmacogenomics, as the main part of personalized medicine, aims to optimize and create a more targeted treatment approach based on genetic variations in drug response. It is predicted that future treatments will be algorithm-based instead of evidence-based that will consider a patient’s genetic, transcriptomic, proteomic, epigenetic, and lifestyle factors resulting in individualized medication. A generative pretrained transformer (GPT) is an artificial intelligence (AI) tool that generates language resembling human-like writing enabling users to engage in a manner that is practically identical to speaking with a human being. GPT’s predictive algorithms can respond to questions that have never been addressed. Chat Generative Pretrained Transformer (ChatGPT) is an AI chatbot’s advanced with conversational capabilities. In the present study, questions were asked from ChatGPT about the future of personalized medicine and pharmacogenomics. ChatGPT predicted both to be a promising approach with a bright future that holds great promises in improving patient outcomes and transforming the field of medicine. But it still has several limitations that need to be solved.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on Springer Link
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Hamburg MA, Collins FS. The path to personalized medicine. N. Engl J Med. 2010;363:301–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. National Research Council Committee on AFfDaNToD. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Toward Precision Medicine: Building a Knowledge Network for Biomedical Research and a New Taxonomy of Disease. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US) Copyright © 2011, National Academy of Sciences.; 2011.

  3. Hasanzad M. Precision Medicine in Clinical Practice: Springer Nature; 2022.

  4. Turner RM, Magavern EF, Pirmohamed M. Pharmacogenomics: relevance and opportunities for clinical pharmacology. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022;88:3943–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Haupt CE, Marks M. AI-generated medical advice—GPT and beyond. JAMA. 2023;329:1349–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. OpenAI. Introducing ChatGPT. https://www.openaicom/blog/chatgpt.

  7. van Dis EA, Bollen J, Zuidema W, van Rooij R, Bockting CL. ChatGPT: five priorities for research. Nature. 2023;614:224–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece

    George P. Patrinos

  2. Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, P.O. Box 15551, Abu Dhabi, UAE

    George P. Patrinos

  3. United Arab Emirates University, Zayed Center for Health Sciences, Al Ain, P.O. Box 15551, Abu Dhabi, UAE

    George P. Patrinos

  4. Personalized Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1411713119, Tehran, Iran

    Negar Sarhangi & Mandana Hasanzad

  5. Missouri Pharmacogenomics Consulting, St. Mo, 63011, St. Louis, MO, USA

    Behnaz Sarrami

  6. Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610-0225, FL, USA

    Nazli Khodayari

  7. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1411713119, Tehran, Iran

    Bagher Larijani

  8. Medical Genomics Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, 193951459, Tehran, Iran

    Mandana Hasanzad

Authors
  1. George P. Patrinos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Negar Sarhangi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Behnaz Sarrami
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Nazli Khodayari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Bagher Larijani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Mandana Hasanzad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

GP participated in the supervision of the study design and validation. NS participated in the visualization and investigation. BS participated in the reviewing and editing the manuscript. BL provided insightful comments. NK contributed in ChatGPT search and English revision. MH conceptualized and wrote the first draft of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mandana Hasanzad.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Patrinos, G.P., Sarhangi, N., Sarrami, B. et al. Using ChatGPT to predict the future of personalized medicine. Pharmacogenomics J 23, 178–184 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41397-023-00316-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41397-023-00316-9

Search

Advanced search

Quick links