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Investigation on daily exposure to PM2.5 in Bandung city, Indonesia using low-cost sensor

Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology volume 30, pages 1001–1012 (2020)Cite this article

Abstract

Daily exposure to PM2.5 in developing countries has not been thoroughly studied partly due to limited resources available. In this research, personal PM2.5 exposures in urban communities in Indonesia were examined using a low-cost sensor, AS-LUNG. Fifty subjects were recruited in both wet and dry seasons. Their personal PM2.5 concentrations, environmental temperature, and relative humidity were measured using corrected AS-LUNG Portable worn or placed in their vicinity. Details on their activities and locations, air quality (air pollution sources), and weather conditions during monitoring were recorded in time-activity diaries completed at 30 min intervals. Results revealed mosquito coil burning as the source of highest exposure, reaching 241.5 μg/m3 but with significant difference between wet and dry seasons. With ambient PM2.5 and relative humidity controlled for, mosquito coil burning contributed 12.02 μg/m3 and 4.84 μg/m3 of personal PM2.5 exposure in wet and dry season, respectively, which was several times higher than the contribution from vehicle emission. The second most contributive source was factory smoke, which increased 4.99 μg/m3 and 3.17 μg/m3 of exposure in wet and dry season, respectively. Findings on contributive factors of high daily personal exposures can serve as useful references for formulating policies and recommendations on exposure reduction and health protection.

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Fig. 1: Median of PM concentrations and personal-to-ambient (P/A) ratio in different microenvironments.
Fig. 2

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Acknowledgements

This work was partially funded by the International Council for Science Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (ICSU ROAP) and Integrated Research on Disaster Risk and the International Centre of Excellence Taipei (IRDR ICoE-Taipei) under the Seed Grant Program, and by the Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taiwan under grant no. AS-SS-107–03. The authors gratefully acknowledge supports from all study participants and the insightful discussion with Professors Eddy Himawan and Puji Lestari, Dr Nur Faizah, and Ir. Emalya Rachmawati. We also thank Ir. Halimurrahman, MT, Director of The Center for Atmospheric Science and Technology, National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN), Bandung for endorsing our collaboration with his research group.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP) - Earth System Science Program, Academia Sinica and National Central University, Taipei, Taiwan

    Delvina Sinaga

  2. Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

    Delvina Sinaga & Shih-Chun Candice Lung

  3. Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan

    Delvina Sinaga & Fang Yi Cheng

  4. The Center for Atmospheric Science and Technology, National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN), Bandung, Indonesia

    Wiwiek Setyawati

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  1. Delvina Sinaga
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Correspondence to Shih-Chun Candice Lung.

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Sinaga, D., Setyawati, W., Cheng, F.Y. et al. Investigation on daily exposure to PM2.5 in Bandung city, Indonesia using low-cost sensor. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 30, 1001–1012 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-020-0256-9

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