Insulin resistance and genetics

Intrauterine growth restriction followed by postnatal accelerated growth (CG-IUGR) is associated with long-term adverse metabolic consequences. Xie and coauthors hypothesized that CG-IUGR leads to an insulin-resistant phenotype through an alteration in DNA methylation and transcriptional activity of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α). The authors’ findings in a rat model of CG-IUGR suggest that genetic and epigenetic modifications of PGC-1α provide a mechanism that links early-life nutrition insult with susceptibility to long-term metabolic disease.

See IUGR with infantile overnutrition programs an insulin-resistant phenotype through DNA methylation of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-γ coactivator-α in rats

Maternal undernutrition and the kidney

Restriction of maternal nutrients produces offspring with fewer nephrons. Awazu and Hida investigated whether the reduced nephron numbers are due to the inhibition of ureteric branching or early cessation of nephrogenesis in rats. They examined the offspring of dams given food ad libitum and those subjected to 50% food restriction, and observed that ureteric branching is inhibited and developmentally regulated signaling pathways are downregulated at an early stage by maternal nutrient restriction.

See Maternal nutrient restriction inhibits ureteric bud branching but does not affect the duration of nephrogenesis in rats

Minimal hypothermia for pigs

Hoque et al. hypothesized that minimal systemic hypothermia with selective head cooling (SHC) following hypoxia–ischemia (HI) in pigs would be neuroprotective compared with systemic normothermia. Newborn pigs underwent global HI before being randomized to normothermia or minimal hypothermia with SHC. SHC did not reduce global or regional neuropathology score, but it increased mortality by 26%.

See Minimal systemic hypothermia combined with selective head cooling evaluated in a pig model of hypoxia-ischemia

Serum creatinine reference ranges

Bateman and coinvestigators aimed to develop serum creatinine reference ranges for very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants from birth to 34–36 weeks postmenstrual age. They retrospectively identified a sample of 218 VLBW infants and grouped them by gestational age. Their analysis showed three phases of serum creatinine change. The reference ranges provide a context for quantitative interpretation of serum creatinine trends in VLBW infants

See Serum creatinine concentration in very-low-birth-weight infants from birth to 34–36 wk postmenstrual age

Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome

Lőrincz and coauthors found that decreased activity of the high-density lipoprotein–associated paraoxonase-1 enzyme as well as a deleterious shift in the distribution of lipoprotein subfractions may contribute to the impaired antioxidant status observed in Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome.

See Altered lipid subfraction profile and impaired antioxidant defense of high-density lipoprotein in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome

Childhood fat and cardiac outcomes

Gishti and colleagues hypothesized that the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors in childhood and measures of total body and abdominal fat mass might be stronger than that between the same risk factors and body mass index. Measurements of 6,523 school-aged children seemed to show that high body-fat-distribution measures were strongly associated with increased risk of childhood hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and clustering of cardiovascular risk factors.

See Altered lipid subfraction profile and impaired antioxidant defense of high-density lipoprotein in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome