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  • Review Article
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The bladder extracellular matrix. Part II: regenerative applications

Nature Reviews Urology volume 6, pages 612–621 (2009)Cite this article

Abstract

Bladder regeneration is a long-sought goal that could provide alternatives to cystoplasty using non-urological tissues. Regeneration might be achieved in different ways, such as seeding matrices with stem cells or conventional cells, or repopulation of the matrix by the body's own reservoir of cells. Consideration of how the extracellular matrix directs cell behavior will be crucial to the success of regenerative therapies.

Key Points

  • Matrix components are instructive to cells in the bladder and can cause changes in elastin and collagen composition

  • Context-specific mechanical deformation of particular substrates induces matrix metalloproteinase production or activation, which might be important for incorporation, proliferation, or differentiation of seeded or recruited stem cells and smooth muscle cells into a synthesized or acellular matrix

  • Stem cells have the potential to powerfully modulate or utilize the extracellular matrix in the context of appropriate tissue-specific signals

  • An increasing appreciation of the fine points of extracellular matrix composition will allow researchers to design functionally improved scaffolds

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Figure 1: Remodeling of SIS implants in the bladder.
Figure 2: Matrix rigidity determines the differentiation pathway of stem cells.

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Acknowledgements

Discussions with Drs Woodhouse, Hinek and Miller, and members of the Developmental & Stem Cell Biology department of the Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, facilitated our understanding of the area. K. J. Aitken was supported by The Canadian Institutes of Health Research training programme in regenerative medicine.

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  1. Divisions of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, and Urology, The Hospital For Sick Children, University of Toronto, ON, Canada

    Karen J. Aitken & Darius J. Bägli

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  1. Karen J. Aitken
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  2. Darius J. Bägli
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Correspondence to Darius J. Bägli.

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Supplementary information

Supplementary Figure 1

Stem cell types and their potential: the road to differentiation in the bladder (PPT 194 kb)

Supplementary Table 1

ECM components and their functions (DOC 74 kb)

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Aitken, K., Bägli, D. The bladder extracellular matrix. Part II: regenerative applications. Nat Rev Urol 6, 612–621 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrurol.2009.202

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